L. 691 LABOR A JURY
L
It. This letter, as a Roman numeral, stands for the number "fifty." It is also used as an abbreviation for "law," "liber," (a book,) "lord," and some other words of which it is the initial.
L. 5. An abbreviation of "Long Quinto," one of the parts of the Year Books.
Ij. C. An abbreviation which may stand either for "Lord Chancellor," "Lower Cana­da," or "Leading Cases."
L. J. An abbreviation for "Law Judge;" also for "Law Journal."
L. Ii. (also L. Lat.) and Ij. F. (also L. Fr.) are used as abbreviations of the terms "Law Latin" and "Law French."
Ii. R. An abbreviation for "Law Re­ports."
Ii. S.» An abbreviation for "Locus sigilli," the place of the seal, i. e., the place where a seal is to be affixed, or a scroll which stands instead of a seal See Smith v. But­ler, 25 N. H. 524; Barnes v. Walker, 115 Ga. 108, 41 S E. 243; McLaughlin v. Brad-dy, 63 S. O. 433, 41 S. E 523, 90 Am. St. Rep. 681.
LI*. The reduplicated form of the abbre­viation "L." for "law," used as a plural. It Is generally used in citing old collections of statute law; as "LL. Hen. I."
I1I1.B., LL.M., and LL.D. Abbreviations used to denote, respectively, the three aca­demic degrees in law,—bachelor, master, and doctor of laws.
LA. Fr. The. The definite article in the feminine gender. Occurs in some legal terms and phrases; as "Termes de la Ley," terms of the law.
LA. Fr. There. An adverb of time and place; whereas.
LA CHAMBRE DES ESTEILLES. The
star-chamber.
La conscience est la plus changeante des regies. Conscience is the most change­able of rules. Bouv. Diet
La ley favour la vie d'un home. The law favors the life of a man. Yearb. M. 10 Hen. VI. 51.
La ley favour l'enheritance d'un home. The law favors the inheritance of a man. Yearb. M. 10 Hen. VI. 51.
La ley voct plus tost suffer un mis-cheife que un inconvenience. The law
will sooner suffer a mischief than an incon­venience. Litt. § 231. It is holden for an inconvenience that any of the maxims of the law should be broken, though a private man suffer loss. Co. Litt. 152&.
LAAS. In old records. A net, gin, or snare.
LABEL. Anything appended to a larger writing, as a codicil; a narrow slip of paper or parchment affixed to a deed or writ, in order to hold the appending seal.
In the vernacular, the word denotes a printed or written slip of paper affixed to a manufactured article, giving information as to its nature or quality, or the contents of a package, name of the maker, etc. See Per­kins v. Heert, 5 App. Div. 335, 39 N. Y. Supp. 223; Higgins v. Keuffel, 140 U. S. 428, 11 Sup. Ct. 731, 35 L. Ed. 470; Burke v. Cassin, 45 Cal. 481, 13 Am. Rep. 204.
A copy of a writ in the exchequer. 1 Tidd, Pr. 156.
LABINA. In old records. Watery land.
LABOR. 1. Work; toil; service. Con­tinued exertion, of the more onerous and in­ferior kind, usually and chiefly consisting in the protracted expenditure of muscular force, adapted to the accomplishment of specific useful ends. It is used in this sense In several legal phrases, such as "a count for work and labor," "wages of labor," etc.
"Labor," "business," and "work" are not syn­onyms. Labor may be business, but it is not necessarily so; and business is not always la­bor. Labor implies toil; exertion producing weariness; manual exertion of a toilsome na­ture. Making an agreement for the sale of a chattel is not within a prohibition of common labor upon Sunday, though it is (if by a mer­chant in his calling) within a prohibition upon business. Bloom v. Richards, 2 Ohio St. 387. —Common labor, within the meaning of Sun­day laws, is not to be restricted to manual or physical labor, but includes the transaction of ordinary business, trading, and the execution of notes and other instruments.* Bryan v. Wat­son, 127 Ind. 42, 26 N. E. 666, 11 L. R. A. 63; Link v. Clemmens, 7 Blackf. (Ind.) 480; Cincin­nati v. Rice, 15 Ohio, 225; Eitel v. State, 33 Ind. 201. But compare Bloom v. Richards. 2 Ohio St. 387; Horacek v. Keebler, 5 Neb. 355. It does not include the transaction of judicial business or the acts of public officers. State v. Thomas. 61 Ohio St. 444. 56 'N. E. 276, 48 L. R A. 459; Hastings v. Columbus, 42 Ohio St. 585.
2. A Spanish land measure, in use in Mexico and formerly in Texas, equivalent to 1771/7 acres.
LABOR A JURY. In old practice. To tamper with a jury; to endeavor to influence them in their verdict, or their verdict gen­erally.

LABORARIIS
692 K3ESIO ULTRA DIMIDIUM

LABORARIIS. An ancient writ against persons who refused to serve and do labor, and who had no means of living; Or against such as, having served in the winter, refus­ed to serve in the summer. Reg. Orig. 189.
LABORER. One who, as a means of livelihood, performs work and labor for those who employ him. Oliver v. Macon Hardware Co., 98 Ga. 249, 25 S. E. 403, 58 Am. St. Rep. 300; Blanchard v. Railway Co., 87 Me. 241, 32 Atl. 890; In re Ho King (D. C.) 14 Fed. 725; Coffin v. Reynolds, 37 N. Y. 646; Weymouth v. Sanborn, 43 N. H. 171, 80 Am. Dec. 144; Bpps v. JEpps, 17 111. App. 201. In English statutes, this term is generally understood to designate a servant employed in husbandry or manufactures, and not dwelling in the home of his em­ployer. Wharton; Mozley & Whitley.
A laborer, as the word is used in the Penn­sylvania act of 1872, giving a certain preference of lien, is one who performs, with his own hands, the contract which he makes with his employer. Appeal of Wentroth, 82 Pa. 469.
—Laborers, statutes of. In English law. These are the statutes 23 Edw. III., 12 Rich. II., 5 Eliz. c. 4, and 26 & 27 Vict. c. 125', mak­ing various regulations as to laborers, servants, apprentices, etc.
LAG, LAK. In Indian computation, 100,000. The value of a lac of rupees is about £10,000 sterling. Wharton.
LACE. A measure of land equal to one pole. This term is widely used in Cornwall.
LACERTA. In old English law. A fathom. Co. Litt 46.
LACHES. Negligence, consisting in the omission of something which a party might do, and might reasonably be expected to do, towards the vindication or enforcement of his rights. The word is generally the syno­nym of "remissness," "dilatoriness," "un­reasonable or unexcused delay," the oppo­site of "vigilance," and means a want of activity and diligence in making a claim or moving for the enforcement of a right (par­ticularly in equity) which will afford ground for presuming against it, or for refusing re­lief, where that is discretionary with the court. See Ring v. Lawless, 190 111. 520, 60 N. E. 881; Wissler v. Craig, 80 Va. 30; Morse v. Seibold, 147 111. 318, 35 N. E. 369; Babb v. Sullivan, 43 S. C. 436, 21 S. E. 277; Graff v. Portland, etc., Co., 12 Colo. App. 106, 54 Pac. 854; Coosaw Min. Co. v. Caro­lina Min. Co. (C. C.) 75 Fed. 868; Parker v. Bethel Hotel Co., 96 Tenn. 252, 34 S. W. 209, 31 L. R. A. 706; Chase v. Chase, 20 R. I. 202, 37 Atl. 804; Hellams v. Prior, 64 S. C. 296, 42 S. E. 106; First Nat. Bank v. Nelson, 106 Ala. 535, 18 South. 154; Cole v. Ballard, 78 Va. 147; Selbag v. Abitbol, 4 Maule & S. 462.
LACTA. L. Lat. In old English law. Defect in the weight of money; lack of
weight. This word and the verb "lactare" are used in an assise or statute of the sixth year of Bang John. Spelman.
LACUNA. In old records. A ditch or dyke; a furrow for a drain; a gap or blank in writing.
LACUS. In, the civil law. A lake; a receptacle of water which is never dry. Dig. 43, 14, 1, 3.
In old English law. Allay or alloy of silver with base metal. Fleta, lib. 1, c. 22, § 6.
LAB-A. In Saxon law. A purgation, or mode of trial by which one purged himself of an accusation; as by oath or ordeal. Spel­man.
A water-course; a trench or canal for draining marshy grounds. In old English, a lade or load. Spelman.
In old English, law. A court of justice; a lade or lath. Cowell.
LADE, or LODE. The mouth of a river.
LADEN IN BULK. A term of maritime law, applied to a vessel which is freight­ed with a cargo which is neither in casks, boxes, bales, nor cases, but lies loose in the hold, being defended from wet or moisture by a number of mats and a quantity of dun­nage. Cargoes jot corn, salt, etc., are usu­ally so shipped.
LADING, BILL OF. See Bill.
LADY. In English law. The title be­longing to the wife of a peer, and (by cour­tesy) the wife of a baronet or knight, and al­so to any woman, married or sole, whose father was a nobleman of a rank not lower than that of earl.
—Lady-court. In English law. The court of a lady of the manor.—Lady day. The 25th of March, the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In parts of Ire­land, however, they so designate the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption of the Virgin.—Lady's friend. The style of an of­ficer of the English house of commons, whose duty was to secure a suitable provision for the wife, when her husband sought a divorce by special act of parliament. The act of 1857 abolished parliamentary divorces, and this of­fice with them.
L^SA MAJESTAS. Lat Leze-majes-ty, or injured majesty; high treason. It is a phrase taken from the civil law, and an­ciently meant any offense against the king's person or dignity.
LiESIO ULTRA DIMIDIUM VEL EN-ORMIS. In Roman law. The injury sus­tained by one of the parties to an onerous contract when he had been overreached by the other to the extent of more than one-half of the value of the subject-matter; a.

L^SIONE FIDEL
693
LANCASTER

•#., when a vendor had not received half the value of property sold, or the purchaser had paid more than double value. Colq. Rom. Oivil Law, § 2094.
LiESIONE FIDEL, SUITS PRO. Suits in the ecclesiastical courts for spiritual of­fenses against conscience, for non-payment of debts, or breaches of civil contracts. This attempt to turn the ecclesiastical courts into
?courts of equity was checked by the consti­tutions of Clarendon, A. D. 1164. 3 Bl.
<3omm. 52.
LiESIWERP. A thing surrendered into the hands or power of another; a thing giv­en or delivered. Spelman.
UET. In old English law. One of a class between servile and free. Palgrave, i. 354.
UETARE JERUSALEM. Easter of­ferings, so called from these words in the hymn of the day. They are also denominat­ed "quadrage&imalia." Wharton.
LXTHE, or LATHE. A' division or district peculiar to the county of Kent. Spel­man.
LAFORDSWIO. In Saxon law. A be­traying of one's lord or master.
IiAGA. L. Lat, from the Saxon "lag." Law; a law.
LAGAN. See Ligan.
LAGE DAT. In old English law. A law day; a time of open court; the day of the county court; a juridical day.
LAGE-MAN. A lawful man; a good and lawful man. A juror. Cowell.
LAGENA. L. Lat. In old English law. A measure of ale. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 11. Said to consist of six sextaries. Cowell.
LAGU. In old English law. Law; also «sed to express the territory or district in which a particular law was in force, as Dena lagu, Mercna lagu, etc.
LAHLSLIT. A breach of law. Cowell. A mulct for an offense, viz., twelve "ores."
LAHMAN, or LAGEMANNUS. An old word for a lawyer. Domesday, I. 189.
LAIA. A roadway in a wood. Mon. Angl. t 1, p. 483.
IiAICUS. Lat A layman. One who is not in holy orders, or not engaged in*the ministry of religion.
LAIRWITE, or LAIRESITE. A fine for adultery or fornication, anciently paid to the lords of some manors. 4 Inst 206.
LAIS GENTS. L. Fr. Lay people; a jury.
LAITY. In English law. Those persons who do not make a part of the clergy. They are divided into three states: (1) Civil, in­cluding all the nation, except the clergy, the army, and navy, and subdivided into the no­bility and the commonalty; (2) military; (3) maritime, consisting of the navy. Wharton.
LAKE. A large body of water, contained in a depression of the earth's surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area. Webster. See Jones v. Lee, 77 Mich. 35, 43 N. W. 855; Ne-pee-nauk Club v. Wilson, 96 Wis. 290, 71 N. W. 661.
The fact that there is a current from a higher to a lower level does not make that a river which would otherwise be a lake; and the fact that a river swells out into broad, pond-like sheets, with a current does not make that a lake which would otherwise be a river. State v. Gilmanton, 14 N. H. 477.
LAMANEUR. Fr. In French marine law. A pilot Ord. Mar. liv. 4, tit 3.
LAMB. A sheep, ram, or ewe under the age of one year. 4 Car. & P. 216.
LAMBARD'S ARCHAIONOMIA. A
work printed in 1568, containing the Anglo-Saxon laws, those of William the Conqueror, and of Henry I.
LAMBARD'S EIRENARCHA. A work upon the office of a justice of the peace, which, having gone through two editions, one in 1579, the other in 1581, was reprinted in English in 1599.
LAMBETH DEGREE. In English law. A degree conferred by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in prejudice of the universities. 3 Steph. Comm. 65; 1 Bl. Comm. 381.
LAME DUCK. A cant term on the stock exchange for a person unable to meet his engagements.
LAMMAS DAT. The 1st of August It is one of the Scotch quarter days, and is what Is called a "conventional term."
LAMMAS LANDS. Lands over which there is a right of pasturage by persons other than the owner from about Lammas, or reap­ing time, until sowing time. Wharton.
LANA. Lat. In the civil law. WooL See Dig. 32, 60, 70, 88.
LANCASTER. A county of England, erected into a county palatine in the reign of Edward III., but now vested in the crown.

LANCETI
694
LAND

LANCETI. In feudal law. Vassals who were obliged to work for their lord one day In the week, from Michaelmas to autumn, either with fork, spade, or flail, at the lord's option. Spelman.
LAND, in the most general sense, compre­hends any ground, soil, or earth whatsoever; as meadows, pastures, woods, moors, waters, marshes, furzes, and heath. Co. Litt. 4a.
The word "land" includes not only the soil, but everything attached to it, whether attached by the course of nature, as trees, herbage, and water, or by the hand of man, as buildings and fences. Mott v. Palmer, 1 N. Y. 572; Nessler v. Neher, 18 Neb. 649, 26 N. W. 471; Higgins Fuel Co. v. Snow, 113 Fed. 433, 51 C. C. A. 267; Lightfoot v. Grove, 5 Heisk. (Tenn.) 477; Johnson v. Richardson, 33 Miss. 464; Mitchell v. Warner, 5 Conn. 517; Myers v. League, 62 Fed. 659, 10 C. C. A. 571, 2 Bl. Comm. 16, 17.
Land is the solid material of the earth, what­ever may be the ingredients of which it is composed, whether soil, rock, or other sub­stance. Civ. Code Cal. § 659.
Philosophically, it seems more correct to say that the word "land" means, in law, as in the vernacular, the soil, or portion of the earth's crust; and to explain or justify such expres­sions as that "whoever owns the land owns the buildings above and the minerals below," upon the view, not that these are within the extension of the term "land," but that they are so con­nected with it that by rules of law they pass by a conveyance of the land. This view makes "land," as a term, narrower in signification than "realty;" though it would allow an in­strument speaking of land to operate co-exten-sively with one granting realty or real property by either of those terms. But many of the authorities use the expression "land" as in­cluding these incidents to the soil. Abbott. —Accommodation lands. In English law. Lands bought by a builder or speculator, who erects houses thereon, and then leases portions •f them upon an improved ground-rent.—Boun­ty lands. Portions of the public domain given or donated to private persons as a bounty for services rendered, chiefly for military service. —Certificate lands. In Pennsylvania, in the period succeeding the revolution, lands set apart in the western portion of the state, which might be bought with the certificates which the soldiers of that state in the revolutionary army had received in lieu of pay. Cent. Diet. —Crown lands. In England and Canada, lands belonging to the sovereign personally or to the government or nation, as distinguished from such as have passed into private owner­ship.-—Demesne lands. See Demesne.—Do­nation lands. Lands granted from the pub­lic domain to an individual as a bounty, gift, or donation; particularly, in early Pennsyl­vania history, lands thus granted to soldiers of the revolutionary war.—Fabric lands. In English law, lands given towards the main­tenance, rebuilding, or repairing of cathedral and other churches —General land office. An office of the United States government, being a division of the department of the in­terior, having charge of all executive action relating to the public lands, including their survey, sale or other disposition, and patent­ing; constituted by act of congress in 1812 (Rev. St. § 446 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 255]) and presided over by an officer styled "commissioner of the general land office."— Land certificate. Upon the registration of freehold land under the English land transfer
act, 1875, a certificate is given to the registered proprietor, and similarly upon every transfer of registered land. This registration super­sedes the necessity of any further registration in the register counties. Sweet.—Land court. In American law. A court formerly existing in St. Louis, Mo., having a limited territorial jurisdiction over actions concerning real prop­erty, and suits for dower, partition, etc.— Land damages. See Damages.—Land de­partment. That office of the United States government which has jurisdiction and charge of the public lands, including the secretary of the interior and the commissioner of the gen­eral land office and their subordinate officers, and being in effect the department of the in­terior considered with reference to its powers and duties concerning the public lands. See U. S. v. Winona & St. P. R. Co., 67 Fed. 956, 15 C. C. A. 96; Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Bar-den (C. C.) 46 Fed. 617.—Land district. A division of a state or territory, created by fed­eral authority, in which is located a United States land office, with a "register of the land office" and a "receiver of public money," for the disposition of the public lands within the district. See U. S. v. Smith (C. C.) 11 Fed. 491.—Land-gabel. A tax or rent issuing out of land. Spelman says it was originally a penny for every house. This land-gabel, or land-gavel, in the register of Domesday, was a quit-rent for the site of a house, or the land whereon it stood; the same with what we now call "ground-rent" Wharton.—Land grant. A donation of public lands to a subordinate government, a corporation, or an individual; as, from the United States to a state, or to a railroad company to aid in the construction of its road.—Land offices. Governmental offices, subordinate to the general land office, establish­ed in various parts of the United States, for the transaction of local business relating to the survey, location, settlement, pre-emption, and sale of the public lands. See "General land office," supra—Land-poor. By this term is generally understood that a man has a great deal of unproductive land, and perhaps is oblig­ed to borrow money to pay taxes; but a man "land-poor" may be largely responsible. Mat-teson v. Blackmer, 46 Mich. 397, 9 N. W. 445.—Land-reeve. A person whose business it is to overlook certain parts of a farm or es­tate ; to attend not only to the woods and hedge-timber, but also to the state of the fen­ces, gates, buildings, private roads, drift-ways, and water-courses; and likewise to the stocking of commons, and encroachments of every kind, as well as to prevent or detect waste and spoil in general, whether by the tenants or others; and to report the same to the manager or land steward. Enc. Lond.—Land steward. A per­son who overlooks or has the management of a farm or estate.—Land tax. A tax laid upon the legal or beneficial owner of real property, and apportioned upon the assessed value of his land.—Land tenant. The person actually in possession of land; otherwise styled the "terre-tenant."—Land titles and transfer act. An English statute (38 & 39 Vict. c. 87) providing for the establishment of a registry for titles to real property, and making sundry provisions for the transfer of lands and the recording of the evidences thereof. It presents some anal­ogies to the recording laws of the American states.—Land waiter. In English law. An officer of the custom-house, whose duty is, up­on landing any merchandise, to examine, taste, weigh, or measure it, and to take an account thereof. In some ports they also execute the officwof a coast waiter. They are likewise oc­casionally styled "searchers" and are to at­tend and join with the patent searcher in the execution of all cockets for the shipping of goods to be exported to foreign parts; and, in cases where drawbacks on bounties are to be paid to the merchant on the exportation of any

LAND
goods, they, as well as the patent searchers, are to certify the shipping thereof on the deben­tures. Enc. Lond.—Land-warrant. The evi­dence which the state, on good consideration, gives that the person therein named is entitled to the quantity of land therein specified, the bounds and description of which the owner of the warrant may fix by entry and survey, in the section of country set apart for its lo­cation and satisfaction. Neal v. President, etc.. of East Tennessee College, 6 Yerg. (Tenn.) 205. —Mineral lands. In the land laws of the United States. Lands containing deposits of valuable, useful, or precious minerals in such quantities as to justify expenditures in the ef­fort to extract them, and which are more val­uable for the minerals they contain than for agricultural or other uses. Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Soderberg, 188 U. S. 526, 23 Sup. Ct. 365, 47 L. Ed. 575; Deffeback v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 392, 6 Sup. Ct. 95, 29 L. Ed. 423; Davis v. Wiebbold. 139 U. S. 507, 11 Sup. Ct. 628, 35 L. Ed. 238; Smith v. Hill, 89 CaL 122, 26 Pac. 644; Merrill v. Dixon, 15 Nev. 406.—Place lands. Lands granted in aid oi a railroad company which are within certain limits on each side of the road, and which be­come instantly fixed by the adoption of the line of the road. There is a well-defined differ­ence between place lands and "indemnity lands." See Indemnity. See Jackson v. La Moure County, 1 N. D. 238, 46 N. W. 449.—Public lands. The general public domain; unappro­priated lands; lands belonging to the United States and which are subject to sale or other disposal under general laws, and not reserved or held back for any special governmental or public purpose. Newhall v. Sanger, 92 U. S. 763. 23 L. Ed. 769; U. S. v. Garretson (C. C) 42 Fed. 24; Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Hinchman (C. C.) 53 Fed. 526; State v. Telegraph Co, 52 La. Ann 1411, 27 South. 796—School lands. Public lands of a state set apart by the state (or by congress in a territory) to create, by the proceeds of their sale, a fund for the establishment and maintenance of public schools.—Seated land. Land that is occu­pied, cultivated, improved, reclaimed, farmed, or used as a place of residence. Residence without cultivation, or cultivation without resi­dence, or both together, impart to land the char­acter of being seated The term is used, as, opposed to "unseated land," in Pennsylvania tax laws. See Earley v. Euwer, 102 Pa. 340; Stoetzel v. Jackson, 105 Pa. 567 ; Kennedy v. Daily, 6 Watts (Pa.) 272; Coal Co v. Fales; 55 Pa. 98.—Swamp and overflowed lands. Lands unfit for cultivation by reason of their swampy character and requiring drainage or reclamation to render them available for bene­ficial use. Such lands, when constituting a portion of the public domain, have generally been granted by congress to the several states within whose limits thev lie. See Miller v. Tobin (C. G.) 18 Fed 614; Keeran v. Allen, 33 Cal. 546; Hogaboom v. Ehrhardt, 58 Cal. 233; Thompson v. Thornton, 50 Cal. 144.— Tide lands. Lands between high and low wa­ter mark on the sea or any tidal water; that portion of the shore or beach covered and un­covered by the ebb and flow of the tide. Ron-dell v. Fay, 32 Cal. 354; Oakland v. Oakland Water Front Co., 118 Cal. 160, 50 Pac. 277; Andrus v. Knott. 12 Or. 501, 8 Pac. 763; Walker v. State Harbor Com'rs, 17 Wall. 650, 21 L. Ed. 744.—Unseated land. A phrase used in the Pennsylvania tax laws to describe land which, though owned by a private person, has not been reclaimed, cultivated, improved, occupied, or made a place of residence. See Seated Land, supra. And see Stoetzel v. Jackson, 105 Pa. 567; McLeod v. Lloyd, 43 Or. 260, 71 Pac 799.
LAND A. An open field without wood; a lawnd or lawn. Cowell; Blount.
)5 LANDIRECTA
LANDAGENDE, LANDHIAFORD, or LANDRICA. In Saxon law. A proprietor of land; lord of the soil. Anc. Inst. Eng.
LANDBOC. In Saxon law. A charter or deed by which lands or tenements were given or held. Spelman; Cowell; 1 Reeve, Eng. Law, 10.
LANDCHEAP. In old English law. An ancient customary fine, paid either in money or cattle, at every alienation of land lying within some manor, or within the liberty of some borough. Cowell; Blount
LANDEA. In old English law. A ditch or trench for conveying water from marshy grounds. Spelman.
LANDED. Consisting In real estate or land; having an estate in land.
—Landed estate. See Estate.—Landed es­tates conrt. The court which deals with the transfer of land and the creation of title thereto in Ireland.—Landed property. Real estate in general, or sometimes, by local usage, suburban or rural land, as distinguished from real estate situated in a city. See Electric Co. v. Baltimore, 93 Md. 630, 49 Atl. 655, 52 L. R. A. 772; Sindall v. Baltimore, 9S Md. 52$ 49 Atl. 645.—Landed proprietor. Any per­son having an estate in lands, whether highly improved or not. Police Jury of Parish of St Mary v. Harris, 10 La. Ann. 677.
LANDEFRICUS. A landlord; a lord of the soil.
LANDEGANDMAN. Sax. In old Eng­lish law. A kind of customary tenant or inferior tenant of a manor. Spelman.
LANDGRAVE. A name formerly given to those who executed justice on behalf ot the German emperors, with regard to the Internal policy of the country. It was ap­plied, by way of eminence, to those sovereign princes of the empire who possessed by inher­itance certain estates called "land-gravates,*' of which they received investiture from the emperor. Enc. Lond.
LANDIMER. In old Scotch law. A measurer of land. Skene.
LANDING. A place on a river or other navigable water for lading and unlading goods, or for the reception and delivery of passengers; the terminus of a road on a river or other navigable water, for the use of travelers, and the loading and unloading of goods. State v. Randall, 1 Strob. (S. C.) Ill, 47 Am. Dec. 548.
A place for loading or unloading boats, but not a harbor for them. Hays v. Briggs, 74 Pa. 373.
LANDIRECTA. In Saxon law. Serv­ices and duties laid upon all that held land, Including the three obligations called "trino-

LANDLOCKED
696
LAPSE

da necessitas" (q. v.;) quasi land rights. Cowell.
LANDLOCKED. An expression some­times applied to a piece of land belonging to one person and surrounded by land belonging to other persons, so that it cannot be ap­proached except over their land. L. R. 13 Ch. Div. 79S; Sweet
LANDLORD. He of whom lands or ten­ements are holden. He who, being the own­er of an estate in land, has leased the same for a term of years, on a rent reserved, to an­other person, called the "tenant" Jackson v. Harsen, 7 Cow. (N. Y.) 326, 17 Am. Dec. 517; Becker v. Becker, 13 App. Div. 342, 43 N. Y. Supp. 17.
When the absolute property in or fee-sim­ple of the land belongs to a landlord, he is then sometimes denominated the "ground landlord," in contradistinction to such a one as 'is possessed only of a limited or particular interest in land, and who himself holds under a superior landlord. Brown.
—Landlord and tenant. A phrase used to denote the familiar legal relation existing be­tween lessor and lessee of real estate. The relation is contractual, and is constituted by a lease (or agreement therefor) of lands for a term of years, from year to year, for life, or at will.—Landlord's warrant. A distress war­rant; a warrant from a landlord to levy upon the tenant's goods and chattels, and sell the same at public sale, to compel payment of the rent or the observance of some other stipulation in the lease.
LANDMARK. A monument or erection set up on the boundary line of two adjoining estates, to fix such boundary. The removing of a landmark is a wrong for which an action lies.
LANDS. This term, the plural of "land," is said, at common law, to be a word of less extensive signification _ than either "tene­ments" or "hereditaments." But in some of the states it has been provided by statute that it shall include both those terms.
—Lands clauses consolidation acts. The
name given to certain English statutes, (8 Vict c. 8, amended by 23 & 24 Vict c. 106, and 32 & 33 Vict. c. 18,) the object of which was to provide legislative clauses in a convenient form for incorporation by reference in future special acts of parliament for taking lands, with or without the consent of their owners, for the promotion of railways, and other public under­takings. Mozley & Whitley.—Lands, tene­ments, and hereditaments. The technical and most comprehensive description of real property, as "goods and chattels" is of person­alty. Williams, Real Prop. 5.
LANDSLAGH. In Swedish law. A body of common law, compiled about the thir­teenth century, out of the particular customs of every province; being analogous to the common law of England. 1 Bl. Coram. 66.
LANDWARD. In Scotch law. Rural. 7 Bell, App. Cas. 2.
LANGEMAN. A lord of a manor. 1 Inst. 5.
LANGEOLUM. An undergarment made of wool, formerly worn by the monks, which reached to their knees. Hon. Angl. 419.
LANGUAGE. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech, or the expression of ideas by written characters. The letter, or grammatical im­port, of a document or instrument, as distin­guished from its spirit; as "the language of the statute." See Behling v. State, 110 Ga. 754, 36 S. E. 85; Stevenson v. State, 90 Ga. 456, 16 S. E. 95; Cavan v. Brooklyn (City Ct. Brook.) 5 N. Y. Supp. 759.
LANGUIDUS. (Lat Sick.) In practice. The name of a return made by the sheriff when a defendant, whom he has taken by vir­tue of process, is so dangerously sick that to remove him would endanger his life or health. 3 Chit Pr. 249, 358.
LANIS DE CRESCENTIA WALLLS TRADUCENDIS ABSQUE CUSTUMA,
etc. An ancient writ that lay to the cus­tomer of a port to permit one to pass wool without paying custom, he having paid it be­fore in Wales. Reg. Orig. 279.
LANO NIGER. A sort of base coin, for­merly current in England. Cowell.
LANZAS. In Spanish law. A commuta­tion in money, paid by the nobles and high officers, in lieu of the quota of soldiers they might be required to furnish in war. Tre-vino v. Fernandez, 13 Tex. 660.
LAPIDATION. The act of stoning a person to death.
LAPIDICINA. Lat In the civil law. A stone-quarry. Dig. 7, 1, 9, 2.
LAPILLI. Lat In the civil law. Pre­cious stones. Dig. 34, 2, 19, 17. Distinguish­ed from "gems," (gemma?.) Id.
LAPIS MARMORIUS. A marble stone about twelve feet long and three feet broad, placed at the upper end of Westminster Hall, where was likewise a marble chair erected on the middle thereof, in which the English sovereigns anciently sat at their coronation dinner, and at other times the lord chan­cellor. Wharton.
LAPSE, v. To glide; to pass slowly, si­lently, or by degrees. To slip; to deviate from the proper path. Webster. To fall or fail.
—Lapse patent. A patent for land issued in substitution for an earlier patent to the same land, which was issued to another party, but has lapsed in consequence of his neglect to avail himself of it. Wilcox v. Calloway, 1 Wash. (Va.) 39.—Lapsed devise. See De­vise.—Lapsed legacy. See Legacy.

LAPSE
697
LARONS

LAPSE, «. In ecclesiastical law. The
transfer, by forfeiture, of a right to present or collate to a vacant benefice from a person vested with such right to another, in conse­quence of some act of negligence by the for­mer. Ayl. Par. 331.
In the law of wills. The failure of a tes­tamentary gift in consequence of the death of the devisee or legatee during the life of the testator.
In criminal proceedings, "lapse" is used, In England, In the same sense as "abate" in ordinary procedure; i. e., to signify that the proceedings came to an end by the death of one of the parties or some other event
LARCENOUS. Having the character of larceny; as a "larcenous taking." Contem­plating or intending larceny; as a "larcenous purpose."
—Larcenous intent. A larcenous intent exists where a man knowingly takes and car­ries away the goods of another without any claim or pretense of right, with intent wholly to deprive the owner of them or convert them to his own use. Wilson v. State, 18 Tex. App. 274, 51 Am. Rep. 309.
LARCENY. In criminal law. The wrongful and fraudulent taking and carry­ing away by one person of the mere personal goods of another from any place, with a fe­lonious intent to convert them to his (the taker's) use, and make them his property, without the consent of the owner. State v. South, 28 N. J. Law, 31, 75 Am. Dec. 250; State v. Chambers, 22 W. Va. 786, 46 Am. Rep. 550; State v. Parry, 48 La. Ann. 1483, 21 South. 30; Haywood v. State, 41 Ark. 479; Philamalee v. State, 58 Neb. 320, 78 N. W. 625; People v. Bosworth, 64 Hun, 72, 19 N. Y. Supp. 114; State v. Hawkins, 8 Port. <Ala.) 463, 33 Am. Dec. 294/
The felonious taking and carrying away of the personal goods of another. 4 Bl. Comm. 229. The unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal, with intent to deprive the right owner of the same. 4 Steph. Comm. 152. The felonious taking the property of another, without his consent and against his will, with intent to convert it to the use of the taker. Hammon's Case, 2 Leach, 1089.
The taking and removing, by trespass, of personal' property which the trespasser knows to belong either generally or specially to an­other, with the intent to deprive such owner of his ownership therein; and, perhaps it should be added, for the sake of some advan­tage to the trespasser,—a proposition on which the decisions are not harmonious. 2 Bish. Crim. Law, §§ 757, 758.
Larceny is the taking of personal property, accomplished by fraud or stealth, and with in­tent to deprive another thereof. Pen. Code Dak. § 580.
Larceny is the felonious stealing, taking, car­rying, leading, or driving away the personal property of another. Pen. Code Cal. § 484.
—Constructive larceny. One where the felonious intent to appropriate the goods to his own use, at the time of the asportation, is
made out by construction from the defendant's conduct, akhough, originally, the taking was not apparently felonious. 2 Bast, P. C. 685; 1 Leach, 212.—Compound larceny. Larceny or theft accomplished by taking the thing stolen either from one's person or from his house; oth­erwise called "mixed" larceny, and distinguish­ed from "simple" or "plain" larceny, in which the theft is not aggravated by such an intrusion either upon the person or the dwelling. An­derson v. Wmfree, 85 Ky. 597, 4 S. W. 351; State v. Chambers, 22 W. Va. 786, 46 Am. Rep. 550.—Grand larceny. In criminal law. In England, simple larceny, was originally divided into two sorts,—grand larceny, where the value of the goods stolen was above twelve pence, and petit larceny, where their value was equal to or below that sum. 4 Bl. Comm. 229. The distinction was abolished in England by St 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, and is not generally rec­ognized in the United States, although in a few states there is a statutory offense of grand larceny, one essential element of which is the value of the goods stolen, which value varies from $7 in Vermont to $50 in California. See State v. Bean, 74 Vt 111, 52 Atl. 269; Fallon v. People, 2 Keyes (N. Y.) 147; People v. Murray, 8 Cal. 520; State v. Kennedy, 88 Mo. 343.—Larceny by bailee. In Pennsyl­vania law. The crime of larceny committed where "any person, being a Bailee of any prop­erty, shall fraudulently take or convert the same to his own use, or to the use of any other person except the owner thereof, although he shall not break bulk or otherwise determine the bailment" Brightly's Purd. Dig. p. 436, § 177. And see Welsh v. People, 17 111. 339; State v. Skinner, 29 Or. 599, 46 Pac. 368.—Larceny from the person. Larceny committed where the property stolen is on the person or in the immediate charge or custody of the person from whom the theft is made, but without such cir­cumstances of force or violence as would con­stitute robbery, including pocket-picking and such crimes. Williams v. U. S., 3 App. D C 345; State v. Eno, 8 Minn. 220 (Gil. 190).— Mixed larceny. Otherwise called "com­pound" or "complicated larceny," that which is attended with circumstances of aggravation or violence to the person, or taking from a house.—Petit larceny. The larceny of things whose value was below a certain arbitrary standard, at common law twelve pence. See Ex parte Bell, 19 Fla. 612: Barnhart v. State, 154 Ind. 177, 56 N. E. 212; People v. Ri-ghetti, 66 Cal. 184, 4 Pac. 1185.—Simple lar­ceny. Larceny which is not complicated or aggravated with acts of violence. Larceny from the person, or with force and violence, is called "compound" larceny. See State v. Chambers, 22 W. Va. 786, 46 Am. Rep. 550; Anderson v. Winfree, 85 Ky. 597. 4 S. W. 351; Pitcher v. People, 16 Mich. 142.
LARDARITTS REGIS. The king's lard-erer, or clerk of the kitchen. Cowell.
LARDING MONEY. In the manor of Bradford, in Wilts, the tenants pay to their lord a small yearly rent by this name, which is said to be for liberty to feed their hogs with the masts of the lord's wood, the fat of a hog being called "lard;" or it may be a commutation for some customary service of carrying salt or meat to the lord's larder. Mon. Angl. t 1, p. 321.
LARGE. L. Fr. Broad;, the opposite of "estreyte" strait or strict Pures et larges. Britt. c. 34.
LARONS. In old English law. Thieves.

LAS PARTIDAS
698
LATERAL SUPPORT

LAS PARTIDAS. In Spanish law. The name of a code of laws, more fully describ­ed as "Las Siete Partidas," ("the seven parts," from the number of its divisions,) which was compiled under the direction of Alphonso X., about the year 1250. Its sour­ces were the customary law of all the prov­inces, the canon law as there administered, and (chiefly) the Roman law. This work has always been regarded as of the highest authority in Spain and in those countries and states which have derived their jurispru­dence from Spain.
LASCAR. A native Indian sailor; the term is also applied to tent pitchers, inferior artillery-men, and others.
LASCIVIOUS. Tending to excite lust; lewd; indecent; obscene; relating to sexual impurity; tending to deprave the morals in respect to sexual relations. See Swearingen v. U. S., 161 U. S. 446, 16 Sup. Ot 562, 40 L. Ed. 765; U. S. v. Britton (Com. C.) 17 Fed. 733; Dunlop v. U. S., 165 U. S. 486, 17 Sup. Ct. 375, 41 L. Ed. 799; U. S. v. Durant (D. C.) 46 Fed. 753.
—Lascivious carriage. In Connecticut A term including those wanton acts between per­sons of different sexes that flow from the ex­ercise of lustful passions, and which are not otherwise punished as crimes against chastity and public decency. 2 Swift, Dig. 343. # It includes, also, indecent acts by one against the will of another. Fowler v. State, 5 Day (Conn.) 81.—Lascivious cohabitation. The offense committed by two persons (not married to each other) who live together in one habita­tion as man and wife and practice sexual inter­course.
LASHITE, or LASHLITE. A kind of forfeiture during the government of the Danes in England- Enc. Lond.
LAST, n. In old English law, signifies a burden; also a measure of weight used for certain commodities of the bulkier sort.
LAST, adj. Latest; ultimate; final; most recent
—Last clear chance. In the law of negli­gence, this term denotes the doctrine or rule that, notwithstanding the negligence of a plain­tiff, if, at the time the injury was done, it might have been avoided by the exercise of reasonable care on the part of the defendant, the defendant will be liable for the failure to exercise such care. Styles v. Railroad Co., 118 N. a 1084, 24 S. E. 740; McLamb v. Railroad Co., 122 N. C. 862, 29 S. E. 894.— Last court. A court held by the twenty-four jurats in the marshes of Kent, and summoned by the bailiffs, whereby orders were made to lay and levy taxes, impose penalties, etc., for the preservation of the said marshes. E<nc. Lond —Last heir. In English law. He to whom lands come by escheat for want of law­ful heirs; that is, in some cases, the * lord of whom the lands were held; in others, the sov­ereign. Cowell.—Last illness. The immedi­ate illness resulting in the person's death. In re Duckett's Estate, 1 Kulp (Pa.) 227.—Last resort. A court from which there is no ap­peal is called the "court of last resort."—Last sickness. That illness of which a person
dies is so called. Huse v. Brown, 8 Me. 169; Harrington v. Stees, 82 111. 54, 25 Am. Rep. 290; McVoy v. Percival, Dud. Law (S. C.) 337; Prince v. Hazelton, 20 Johns. (N. Y.) 513, 11 Am. Dec. 307.—Last will. This term, according to Lord Coke, is most commonly used where lands and tenements are devised, and "testament" where it concerns chattels. Co. Litt. Ilia. Both terms, however, are now generally employed in drawing a will either of lands or chattels. See Reagan v. Stanley, 11 Lea (Tenn.) 322; Hiill v. Hill, 7 Wash. 409, 35 Pac. 360.
LASTAGE. A custom exacted in some fairs and markets to carry things bought whither one will. But it is more accurately taken for the ballast or lading of a ship. Also custom paid for wares sold by the last, as herrings, pitch, etc. Wharton.
LATA CULPA. Lat. In the law of bail­ment. Gross fault or neglect; extreme negli­gence or carelessness, (nimia negligentia.} Dig. 50, 16, 213, 2.
Lata culpa dolo sequiparatur. Gross negligence is equivalent to fraud.
LATCHING. An under-ground survey.
LATE. Defunct; existing recently, but now dead. Pleasant v. State, 17 Ala. 190. Formerly ; recently; lately
LATELY. This word has been held to have "a very large retrospect, as we say 'lately deceased' of one dead ten or twenty years." Per. Cur. 2 Show. 294.
LATENS. Lat Latent; hidden; not ap­parent. See Ambiguitas.
LATENT. Hidden; concealed; that does not appear upon the face of a thing; as, a latent ambiguity. See Ambiguity.
—Latent deed. A deed kept for twenty years or more in a man's scrutoire or strong-box. Wright v. Wright, 7 N. J. Law, 177, 11 Am. Dec. 546.—Latent defect. A defect in an article sold, which is known to the seller, but not to the purchaser, and is not discoverable by mere observation. See Hoe v. Sanborn, 21 N. Y. 552, 78 Am. Dec. 163. So, a latent defect in the title of a vendor of land is one not discoverable by inspection made with or­dinary care. Newell v. Turner, 9 Port. (Ala.) 422—Latent equity. See Equity.
LATERA. In old records. Sidesmen; companions; assistants. Cowell.
LATERAL RAILROAD. A lateral road is one which proceeds from some point on the main trunk between its termini; it is but another name for a branch road, both be­ing a part of the main road. Newhall v. Railroad Co., 14 111. 273.
LATERAL SUPPORT. The right of lateral and subjacent support is that right which the owner of land has to have his land supported by the adjoining land or the soil

LATERARK
699
LAUDEMltfM

beneath. Stevenson v. Wallace, 27 Grat (Va.) 77; Farrand v. Marshall, 19 Barb. (N. Y.) 380; Foley v. Wyeth, 2 Allen (Mass.) 131, 79 Am. Dec. 771; 12 Amer. & Eng. Enc. Law, 933.
LATERARE. To lie sideways, in opposi­tion to lying endways; used in descriptions of lands.
LATH, LATHE. The name of an an­cient civil division in England, intermediate between the county or shire and the hundred. Said to be the same as what, in other parts of the kingdom, was termed a "rape." 1 Bl. Comm. 116; Cowell; Spelman.
—Lathreve. An officer under the Saxon gov­ernment, who had authority over a lathe. Cow­ell; 1 Bl. Comm. 116.
LATIFUNDIUM. Lat. In the civil law. Great or large possessions; a great or large field; a common. A great estate made up of smaller ones, (fundis,) which began to be common in the latter times of the empire.
LATIFUNDUS. A possessor of a large estate made up of smaller ones. Du Cange.
LATIMER. A word used by Lord Coke in the sense of an interpreter 2 Inst. 515. Supposed to be a corruption of the French "latinier," or "latiner." Cowell; Blount.
LATIN. The language of the ancient Romans. There are three sorts of law Latin: (1) Good Latin, allowed by the grammarians and lawyers; (2) false or incongruous Latin, wtich in times past would abate original writs, though it would not make void any judicial writ, declaration, or plea, etc.; (3) words of art, known only to the sages of the law, and not to grammarians, called "Law­yers' Latin." Wharton.
LATINARIUS. An interpreter of Latin.
LATINI JUNIANI. Lat. In Roman law. A class of freedmen (libertini) interme­diate between the two other classes of freed­men called, respectively, "Gives Romani" and "Dediticii." Slaves under thirty years of age at the date of their manumission, or manumitted otherwise than by vindicta, cen­sus, or testamentum, or not the quiritary property of their manumissors at the time of manumission, were called "Latini." By rea­son of one or other of these three defects, they remained slaves by strict law even after their manumission, but were protected in their liberties first by equity, and eventually by the Lex Junia Norbana, A. D. 19, from which law they took the name of "Juniani" in addition to that of "Latini." Brown.
LATITAT. In old English practice. A writ which issued in personal actions, on the return of non est inventus to a bill of Mid-
dlesex; so called from the emphatic word in its recital, in which it was "testified that the defendant lurks [latitat] and wanders about" in the county. 3 Bl. Comm. 286. Abolished by St. 2 Wm. IV. c. 39.
LATITATTO. Lat In the civil law and old English practice. A lying hid; lurking, or concealment of the person. Dig. 42, 4, 7, 5; Bract, fol. 126.
LATOR. Lat In the civil law. A bear­er; a messenger. Also a maker or giver of laws.
LATRO. Lat. In the civil and old Eng­lish law. A robber. Dig. 50, 16, 118; Fleta, lib. 1, c. 38, § 1. A thief.
LATROCINATION. The act of robbing; a depredation.
LATROCINIUM. The prerogative of ad­judging and executing thieves; also larceny; thert; a thing stolen.
LATROCINY. Larceny.
LATTER-MATH. A second mowing; the aftermath.
LAUDARE. Lat. In the civil law. To
name; to cite or quote; to show one's title or authority. Calvin.
In feudal law. To determine or pass up­on judicially. Laudamentum, the finding or award of a jury. 2 Bl. Comm. 285.
LAUDATIO. Lat. In Roman law. Tes­timony delivered in court concerning an ac­cused person's good behavior and integrity of life. It resembled the practice which pre­vails in our trials of calling persons to speak to a prisoner's character. The least number of the laudatores among the Romans was ten. Wharton.
LAUDATOR. Lat An arbitrator; a witness to character.
LAUDEMEO. In Spanish law. The tax paid by the possessor of land held by quit-rent or emphyteusis to the owner of the es­tate, when the tenant alienates his right in the property. Escriche.
LAUDEMIUM. Lat. In the civil law. a sum paid by a new emphyteuta (q. v.) who acquires the emphyteusis, not as heir, but as a singular successor, whether by gift, devise, exchange, or sale. It was a sum equal to the fiftieth part of the purchase money, paid to the domtnus or proprietor for his accept­ance of the new emphyteuta. Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 328. Called, in old English law, "acknowledgment money." Cowell.

LAUDUM
700
LAW

LAUDUM. Lat An arbitrament or award.
In old Scotch law. Sentence or judg­ment; dome or doom. 1 Pitc. Crim. Tr. pt. 2, p. 8.
LAUGHE. Frank-pledge. 2 Reeve, Eng. Law, 17.
LAUNCEGAY. A kind of offensive weap­on, now disused, and prohibited by 7 Rich. II. c. 13.
LAUNCH. 1. The act of launching a vessel; the movement of a vessel from the land into the water, especially the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built. Homer v. The Lady of the Ocean, 70 Me. 352.
2. A boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; an open boat of large size used in any service; a lighter.
LAUREATE. In English law. An of­ficer of the household of the sovereign, whose business formerly consisted only in compos­ing an ode annually, on tiie sovereign's birth­day, and on the new year; sometimes also, though rarely, on occasion of any remark­able victory.
LAURELS. Pieces of gold, coined in 1619, with the king's head laureated; hence the name.
LAUS DEO. Lat. Praise be to God. An old heading to bills of exchange.
LAVATORIUM. A laundry or place to wash in; a place in the porch or entrance of cathedral churches, where the priest and other officiating ministers were obliged to wash their hands before they proceeded to divine service.
LAVOR NXJEVA. In Spanish law. A new work. Las Partidas, pt. 3, tit. 32, 1. 1.
LAW. 1. That which is laid down, or­dained, or established. A rule or method according to which phenomena or actions co­exist or follow each other.
2. A system of principles and rules of hu­man conduct, being the aggregate of those commandments and principles which are either prescribed or recognized by the gov­erning power in an organized jural society as its will in relation to the conduct of the mem­bers of such society, and which it undertakes to maintain and sanction and to use as the criteria of the actions of such members.
"Law" is a solemn expression of legislative will. It orders and permits and forbids. It announces rewards and punishments. Its pro­visions generally relate not to solitary or sing­ular cases, but to what passes in the ordinary course of affairs. Civ. Code La. arts. 1, 2.
"Law," without an article, properly implies a science or system of principles or rules of
human conduct, answering to the Latin "jus;* as when it is spoken of as a subject of study or practice. In this sense, it includes the de­cisions of courts of justice, as well as acts of the legislature. The judgment of a competent court, until reversed or otherwise superseded, is law, as much as any statute. Indeed, it may happen that a statute may be passed in violation of late, that is, of the fundamental law or constitution of a state; that it is the prerogative of courts in such cases %» declare it void, or, in other words, to declare it not to be law. Burrill.
3. A rule of civil conduct prescribed by the
supreme power in a state. 1 Steph. Comm.
25; Civ. Code Dak. § 2; Pol. Code Cal.
§ 4466.
A "law," in the proper sense of the term, Is a general rule of human action, taking cognizance only of external acts, enforced by a determinate authority, which authority is human, and among human authorities is that which is paramount in a political society. Holl. Jur. 36.
A "law," properly so called, is a command which obliges a person or persons; and, as distinguished from a particular or occasional command, obliges generally to acts or for­bearances of a class. Aust. Jur.
A rule or enactment promulgated by the legislative authority of a state; a long-estab­lished local custom which has the force of such an enactment. Dubois v. Hepburn, 10 Pet. 18, 9 L. Ed. 325.
4. In another sense the word signifies an
enactment; a distinct and complete act of
positive law; a statute, as opposed to rules
of civil conduct deduced from the customs
of the people or judicial precedents.
When the term "law" is used to denote en­actments of the legislative power, it is fre­quently confined, especially by English writers, to permanent rules of civil conduct, as distin­guished from other acts, such as a divorce act, an appropriation bill, an estates act. Rep. Eng. St. L. Com. Mar. 1856.
For'other definitions and descriptions, see State v. McCann, 4 Lea (Tenn.) 9; State v. Hockett, 70 Iowa, 454, 30 N. W. 744; Dun­can v. Magette, 25 Tex. 253; Baldwin v. Philadelphia, 99 Pa. 170; State v. Fry, 4 Mo. 189; Forepaugh v. Railroad Co., 128 Pa. 217, 18 Atl. 503, 5 L. R. A. 508, 15 Am. St. Rep. 672; State v. Swan, 1 N. D. 5, 44 N. W. 492; Smith v. U. S., 22 Fed. Cas. 696; Swift v. Tyson, 16 Pet. 1, 10 L. Ed. 865; Miller v. Dunn, 72 Cal. 462, 14 Pac. 27, 1 Am. St Rep. 67; Bier v. McGehee, 148 U. S. 137, 13 Sup. Ct. 580, 37 L. Ed. 397.
Historically considered. With reference to its origin, "law" is derived either from judicial precedents, from legislation, or from custom. That part of the law which is de­rived from judicial precedents is called "common law," "equity," or "admiralty," "probate," or "ecclesiastical law," according to the nature of the courts by which it was originally enforced. (See the respective ti­tles.) That part of the law which is derived from legislation Is called the "statute law."

LAW
701
LAW

Many statutes are classed under one of the divisions above mentioned because they have merely modified or extended portions of it, while others have created altogether new rules. That part of the law which is derived from custom is sometimes called the "cus­tomary law," as to which, see Custom. Sweet.
The earliest notion of law was not an enumer­ation of a principle, but a judgment in a par­ticular case. When pronounced in the early ages, by a king, it was assumed to be the result of direct divine inspiration. Afterwards came the notion of a custom which a judgment affirms, or punishes its breach. In the outset, however, the only authoritative statement of right and wrong is a judicial sentence render­ed after the fact has occurred. It does not pre­suppose a law to have been violated, but is en­acted for the first time by a higher form into the judge's mind at the moment of adjudica­tion. Maine, Anc Law, (Dwight's Ed.) pp. xv, 5.
Synonyms and distinctions. According to the usage in the United States, the name "constitution" is commonly given to the organic or fundamental law of a state, and the term "law" is used in contradistinction to the former, to denote a statute or en­actment of the legislative body.
"Law," as distinguished from "equity," denotes the doctrine and procedure of the common law of England and America, from which equity is a departure.
The term is also used in opposition to "fact." Thus questions of law are to be de­cided by the court, while it is the province of the jury to solve questions of fact.
Classification. With reference to its subject-matter, law is either public or pri­vate. Public law is that part of the law which deals with the state, either by itself or in its relations with individuals, and is divided into (1) constitutional law; (2) ad­ministrative law; (3) criminal law; (4) crim­inal procedure; (5) the law of the state con­sidered in its quasi private personality; (6) the procedure relating to the state as so con­sidered. Holl. Jur. 300.
Law is also divided into substantive and adjective. Substantive law is that part of the law which creates rights and obligations, while adjective law provides a method of en­forcing and protecting them. In other words, adjective law is the law of procedure. Holl. Jur. 61, 238.
The ordinary, but not very useful, division of law into written and unwritten rests on the same principle. The written law is the statute law; the unwritten law is the com­mon law, (a. v.) 1 Steph. Coram. 40, fol­lowing Blackstone.
Kinds of statutes. Statutes are called "general" or "public" when they affect the community at large; and local or special when their operation is confined to a limited region, or particular class or interest.
Statutes are also either prospective or re­trospective; the former, when they are in-
tended to operate upon future cases only; the latter, when they may also embrace transactions occurring before their passage. Statutes are called "enabling" when they confer new powers; "remedial" when their effect is to provide relief or reform abuses; "penal" when they impose punishment, pe­cuniary or corporal, for a violation of their provisions.
5. In old English jurisprudence, "law" Is used to signify an oath, or the privilege of being sworn; as in the phrases "to wage one's law," "to lose one's law."
—?Absolute law. The true and proper law of nature, immutable in the abstract or in principle, in theory, but not in application; for very often the object, the reason, situa­tion, and other circumstances, may vary its exercise and obligation. 1 Steph. Comm. 21 et seq.—Foreign laws. The laws of a foreign country, or of a sister state. People v. Martin, 38 Misc. Rep. 67, 76 N. Y. Supp. 953; Bank of Chillicothe v. Dodge, 8 Barb. (N. Y.) 233. For­eign laws are often the suggesting occasions of changes in, or additions to, our own laws, and in that respect are called "jus receptum." Brown.—General law. A general law as con­tradistinguished from one that is special or lo­cal, is a law that embraces a class of subjects or places, and does not omit any subject or place naturally belonging to such class. Van Riper v. Parsons, 40 N. J. Law, 1; Mathis v. Jones, 84 Ga. 804, 11 S. E. 1018; Brooks v. Hyde, 37 Cal. 376; Arms v. Ayer, 192 111. 601, 61 N. E. 851, 58 L. R. A. 277, 85 Am. St. Rep. 357; State v. Davis, 55 Ohio St. 15, 44 N. E. 511. A law, framed in general terms, restricted to no locality, and operating equally upon all of a group of objects, which, having regard to the purposes of the legislation, are distinguished by characteristics sufficiently marked and im­portant to make them a class by themselves, is not a special or local law, but a general law. Van Riper v. Parsons, 40 N. J. Law, 123, 29 Am. Rep. 210. A special law is one relating to particular persons or things; one made for individual cases or for particular places or dis­tricts ; one operating upon a selected class, rather than upon the public generally. Ewing v. Hoblitzelle, 85 Mo. 78; State v. Irwin, 5 Nev. 120; Sargent v. Union School Dist., 63 N. H. 528, 2 Atl. 641; Earle v. Board of Edu­cation, 55 Cal. 489; Dundee Mortgage, etc.. Co. v. School Dist. (C. C.) 21 Fed. 158.—Law agents. Solicitors practicing in the Scotch courts.—Law arbitrary. Opposed to immut­able, a law not founded in the nature of things, but imposed by the mere will of the legislature. -Law burrows. In Scotch law. Security for the peaceable behavior of a party; security to keep the peace. Properly, a process for ob­taining such security. 1 Forb. Inst. pt. 2, p. 198.—Law charges. This phrase is used, un­der the Louisiana Civil Code, to signify costs incurredin court in the prosecution of a suit, to be paid by the party cast. Rousseau vv -His Creditors, 17 La. 206; Barkley v. His Credit­ors, 11 Rob. (La.) ' 28.—Law eourt of ap­peals. In American law. An appellate tri­bunal. formerly existing in the state of South Carolina, for hearing appeals, from the courts of law.—Law day. See Day.—Law French. The Norman French language, introduced into England by William the Conqueror, and which, for several centuries, was, in an emphatic sense, the language of the English law, being that in which the proceedings of the* courts and of parliament were carried on, and in which many of the ancient statutes, reports, abridgments, and treatises were written and printed. It is called by Blackstone a "bar­barous dialect," and the later specimens of it

LAW
702
LAW

fully warrant the appellation, but at the time of its introduction it was, as has been observ­ed, the best form of the language spoken in Normandy. Burrill.—Law Latin. The cor­rupt form of the Latin language employed in the old English law-books and legal proceed­ings. It contained many barbarous words and combinations.—Law list. An annual English publication of a quasi official character, com­prising various statistics of interest in connec­tion with the legal profession. It includes (among other information) the following mat­ters: A list of judges, queen's counsel, and Serjeants at law; the judges of the county courts; benchers of the inns of court; bar­risters, in alphabetical order; the names of counsel practicing in the several circuits of England and Wales; London attorneys; coun­try attorneys; officers of the courts of chan­cery and common law; the magistrates and law officers of the city of London; the metro­politan magistrates and police; recorders; coun" ty court officers and circuits; lord lieutenants and sheriffs; colonial judges and officers; pub­lic notaries. Mozley & Whitley.—Law lords. Peers in the British parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been distinguished in the legal profession. Mozley & Whitley.— Law martial. See Martial, Law.—Law merchant. See Mercantile Law.—Law of nations. See International Law.—Law of nature. See Natural Law.—Law of arms. That law which gives precepts and rules concerning war; how to make and ob­serve leagues and truce, to punish offenders in the camp, and such like. Cowell; Blount. Now more commonly called the "law of war." —Law of citations. In Roman law. An act of Valentimanj passed A. D. 426, providing that the writings of only five jurists, viz., Pa­pinian, Paul, Gaius, Ulpian, and Modestinus, should be quoted as authorities. The major­ity was binding on the judge. If they were equally divided the opinion of Papinian was to prevail; and in such a case, if Papinian was silent upon the matter, then the judge was free to follow his own view of the matter. Brown. —Law of evidence. The aggregate of rules and principles regulating the admissibility, relevancy, and weight and sufficiency of evi­dence in legal proceedings. See Ballinger's Ann. Codes & St. Or. 1901, § 678.—Law of marque. A sort of law of reprisal, which en­titles him who has received any wrong from another and cannot get ordinary justice to take the shipping or goods of the wrong-doer, where he can find them within his own bounds or precincts, in satisfaction of the wrong. Cow-ell ; Brown.—Laws of Oleron. See Oleron, Laws of.—Law of the case. A ruling or decision once made in a particular case by an appellate court, while it may be overruled in other cases, is binding and conclusive both up­on the inferior court in any further steps or proceedings in the same litigation and upon ihe appellate court itself in any subsequent ap-yeal or other proceeding for review. A ruling or decision so ma'de is said to be "the law of the case." See Hastings v. Foxworthy, 45 Neb, 676, 63 N. W. 955, 34 L. R. A. 321; Stan­dard Sewing Mach. Co. v. Leslie, 118 Fed. 559, 55 C. C. A. 323; McKinney v. State, 117 Ind. 26. 19 N. E. 613; Wilson v. Binford, 81 Ind. 591.—Law of the flag. In maritime law. The law of that nation or country whose flag is flown by a particular vessel. A ship­owner who sends his vessel into a foreign port gives notice by his flag to all who enter into contracts with the master that he intends the law of that flag to regulate such contracts, and that they must either submit to its operation or not contract with him. Ruhstrat v. People, 185 111. 133, 57 N. EL 41, 49 L. R. A. 181, 76 Am. St. Rep. 30.—Law of the land. Due pjtocess of law, (q. v.) By the law of the land is most clearly intended the general law which
hears before it condemns, which proceeds upon inquiry, and renders judgment only after trial. The meaning is that every citizen shall hold his life, liberty, property, and immunities under the protection of general rules which govern society. Everything which may pass under the form of an enactment is not the law of the land. Sedg. St. & Const Law, (2d Ed.) 475. When first used in Magna Charta, the phrase "the law of the land" probably meant the established law of the kingdom, in opposition to the civil or Roman law, which was about being introduced. It is now generally regard­ed as meaning general public laws binding on all members of the community, in contra­distinction from partial or private laws. Janes v. Reynolds, 2 Tex. 251; State v. Burnett, 6 Heisk. (Tenn.) 186. It means due process of law warranted by the constitution, by the com­mon law adopted by the constitution, or by statutes passed in pursuance of the constitu­tion. Mayo v. Wilson, 1 N. H. 53.—Law of the road. A general custom in America (made obligatory by statute in some states) for pedestrians and vehicles, when meeting in a street or road, to turn to the right in order to avoid danger of collision. See Riepe v. Elt-ing, 89 Iowa, 82, 56 N. W. 285, 26 L. R. A. 769, 48 Am. St. Rep. 356; Wright v. Fleisch-man, 41 Misc. Rep 533, 85 N. Y. Supp. 62; Decatur v. Stoops, 21 Ind. App. 397, 52 N. E. 623.—Law of the staple. Law administered in the court of the mayor of the staple; the law-merchant. 4 Inst. 235. See Staple.— Laws of war. This term denotes a branch or public international law, and comprises the body of rules and principles observed by civiliz­ed nations for the regulation of matters in­herent in, or incidental to, the conduct of a public war; such, for example, as the relations of neutrals and belligerents, blockades, cap­tures, prizes, truces and armistices, capitula­tions, prisoners, and declarations of war and peace.—Laws of Wishy. See Wisbt, Laws OF.—Law reports. Published volumes con­taining the reports of cases argued and adjudg­ed in the courts of law.—Law spiritual. The ecclesiastical law, or law Christian. Co. Litt 344.—Law worthy. Being entitled to, or hav­ing the benefit and protection of, the law.— Local law. A law which, instead of relating to and binding all persons, corporations, or in­stitutions to which it may be applicable, within the whole territorial jurisdiction of the law­making power, is limited in its operation to certain districts of such territory or to certain individual persons or corporatioiis. See Gener­al Law.—Personal law, as opposed to terri­torial law, is the law applicable to persons not subject to the law of the territory in which they reside. It is only by permission of the territorial law that personal law can exist at the present day; e. g., it applies to British subjects resident in the Levant and in other Mohammedan and barbarous countries. Un­der the Roman Empire, it had a very wide ap­plication. Brown.
As to the different kinds of law, or law regarded In its different aspects, see Adjec­tive Law; Administrative Law; Bank­ruptcy Law; Canon Law; Case Law; Civ­il Law; Commercial Law; Common Law; Constitutional Law; Criminal Law; Forest Law; International Law; Mari­time Law; Martial Law; Mercantile Law; Military Law; Moral Law; Mu­nicipal Law; Natural Law; Organic Law; Parliamentary Law; Penal Law; Positive Law; Private Law; Public Law; Retro­spective Law; Revenue Law; Roman Law; Substantive Law; Written Law.

LAW ALWAYS CONSTRUETH 7
Law always construeth things to the best. Wing. Max. p. 720, max. 193.
Law construeth every act to be law­ful, when it standeth indifferent wheth­er it should be lawful or not. Wing. Max. p. 722, max. 194; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, n. 76.
Law construeth things according to common possibility or intendment.
Wing. Max. p. 705, max. 189.
Law [the law] construeth things with equity and moderation. Wing. Max. p. 685, max. 183; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, n. 74.
Law disf avoreth impossibilities. Wing. Max. p. 606, max. 155.
Law disfavoreth improbabilities.
Wing. Max. p. 620, max. 161.
Law [the law] favoreth charity.
Wing. Max. p. 497, max. 135.
Law favoreth common right. Wing. Max. p. 547, max. 144.
Law favoreth diligence, and therefore hateth folly and negligence. Wing. Max. p. 665, max. 172; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 70.
Law favoreth honor and order. Wing. Max. p. 739, max. 199.
Law favoreth justice and right. Wing. Max. p. 502, max. 141.
Law favoreth life, liberty, and dower.
4 Bacon's Works, 345.
Law favoreth mutual recompense.
Wing. Max. p. 411, max. 108; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 42.
Law [the law] favoreth possession, where the right is equal. Wing. Max. p. 375, max. 98; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 36.
Law favoreth public commerce. Wing. Max. p. 738, max. 198.
Law favoreth publio quiet. Wing. Max. p. 742, max. 200; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 54.
Law favoreth speeding of men's causes.
Wing. Max. p. 673, max. 175.
Law [the law] favoreth things for the commonwealth, [common weal.] Wing. Max. p. 729, max. 197; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. S, no. 53.
Law favoreth truth, faith, and cer­tainty. Wing. Max. p. 604, max. 154.
Law hateth delays. Wing. Max. p. 674, max. 176; Finch, Law, b. 1, a 3, no. 71.
3 LAWFUL
law hateth new inventions and inno­vations. Wing. Max. p. 756, max. 204.
Law hateth wrong. Wing. Max. p. 563, max. 146; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 62.
Law of itself prejudiceth no man.
Wing. Max. p. 575, max. 148; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 63.
Law respecteth matter of substance more than matter of circumstance.
Wing. Max. p. 382, max. 101; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 39.
Law respecteth possibility of things.
Wing. Max. p. 403, max. 104; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 40.
Law [the law] respecteth the bonds of nature. Wing. Max. p. 268, max. 78; Finch, Law, b. 1, c. 3, no. 29.
LAWFUL. Legal; warranted or author­ized by the law; having the qualifications prescribed by law; not contrary to nor for­bidden by the law.
The principal distinction between the terms "lawful" and "legal" is that the former con­templates the substance of law, the latter the form of law. To say of an-act that it is "law­ful" implies that it is authorized, sanctioned, or at any rate not forbidden, by law. To say that it is "legal" implies that it is done or per­formed in accordance with the forms and us­ages of law, or in a technical manner. In this sense "illegal" approaches the meaning of "in­valid." For example, a contract or will, exe­cuted without the required formalities, might be said to be invalid or illegal, but could not be described as unlawful. Further, the word "lawful" more clearly implies an ethical con­tent than does "legal. The latter goes no fur­ther than to denote compliance, with positive, technical, or formal rules; while the former usually imports a moral substance or ethical permissibility. A further distinction is that the word "legal" is used as the synonym of "constructive," which "lawful" is not. Thus "legal fraud" is fraud implied or inferred by law, or made out by construction. "Lawful fraud" would be a contradiction of terms. Again, "legal" is used as the antithesis of "eq­uitable." Thus, we speak of "legal assets," "legal estate," etc., but not of "lawful assets," or "lawful estate." But there are some connec­tions in which the two words are used as exact equivalents. Thus, a "lawful" writ, warrant, or process is the same as a "legal" writ, war­rant, or process.
—Lawful age. Full age; majority; gener­ally the age of twenty-one years, though some­times eighteen as to a female. See McKim v. Handy, 4 Md. Ch. 237.—Lawful authorities. The expression "lawful authorities," used in our treaty with Spain, refers to persons who exercised the power of making grants by au­thority of the crown. Mitchel v. U. S., 9 Pet. 711, 9 L. EM. 283.—Lawful discharge. Such a discharge in insolvency as exonerates the debtor from his debts. Mason v. Haile, 12 Wheat. 370, 6 L. Ed. 660.—Lawful entry. An entry on real estate, by one out of. posses­sion, under claim or color of right and without force or fraud. See Stouffer v. Harlan, 68 Kan. 135, 74 Pac. 613, 64 L. R. A. 320, 104 Am. St. Rep.. 396.—Lawful goods. Whatever is not prohibited to be exported by the positive

LAWFUL
704
LE ROI
of frankalmoign is reserved by St. 12 Car. II., which abolished military tenures. 2 Bl. Comm. ?, 101.—Lay impropriator. In English eccle-, siastical law. A lay person holding a spiritual appropriation. 3 Steph. Comm. 72.—Lay in­vestiture. In ecclesiastical law. The cere­mony of putting a bishop in possession of the » temporalities of his diocese.—Lay judge. A i judge who is not learned in the law, t. e., not I a lawyer; formerly employed in some of the states as assessors or assistants to the pre­siding judges in the nisi prius courts or courts of first instance.—Lay people. Jurymen.—Lay­man. One of the people, and not one of the clergy; one who is not of the legal profession; one who is not of a particular profession.
LAYE. L. Fr. Law.
t
s LAYSTALL. A place for dung or soil.
1 LAZARET, or LAZARETTO. A pest-
house, or public hospital for persons affected ' with the more dangerous forms of contagious | diseases; a quarantine station for vessels coming from countries where such diseases are prevalent.
LAZZI. A Saxon term for persons of a servile condition.
LE CONGRES. A species of proof on charges of impotency in France, coitus co­ram testibus. Abolished A. D. 1677.
Le contrat fait la loi. The contract makes the law.
LE GUIDON DE LA MER. The title of a French work on marine insurance, by an unknown author, dating back, probably, £o the sixteenth century, and said to have been prepared for the merchants of Rouen. It is noteworthy as being the earliest treatise on that subject now extant.
Le ley de Dieu et ley de terre sont tout un; et l'nn et I'autre pref erre et favour le common et publique bien del terre. The law of God and the law of the land are all one; and both preserve and fa­vor the common and public good of the land. Keilw. 191.
Le ley est le plus haut enheritance que le roy ad, car per le ley il mesme et touts ses sujets sont rules; et, si le ley ne fuit, nul roy ne nul enheritance serra. 1 J. H. 6, 63. The law is the high­est inheritance that the king possesses, for by the law both he and all his subjects are ruled; and, if there were no law, there would be neither king nor inheritance.
LE ROI, or ROY. The old law-French words for "the king."
—Le roi veut en deliberer. The kipg will deliberate on it. This is the formula which the king of the French used when he intended to veto an act of the legislative assembly. 1 Toullier, no. 42.—Le roy (or la reine) le veut. The king (or the queen) wills it. The form of the royal assent to public bills in par-

LE ROI
705
LEARNING

liament.—lie roy (or la reine) remercie ses loyal snjets, accepte lenr benevolence, et ainsi le vent. The king (or the queen) thanks his (or her) loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence, and therefore wills it to be so. The form of the royal assent to a bill of sup­ply.—lie roy (or la reine) s'avisera. The king (or queen) will advise upon it. The form of words used to express the refusal of the royal assent to public bills in parliament 1 Bl. Comm. 184. This is supposed to correspond to the judicial phrase "curia advisari vult" (q. v.) 1 Chit. Bl. Comm. 184, note.
Le saint dn penple est la' supreme loi. Montesq. Esprit des Lois, 1. xxvii, c. 23. The safety of the people is the highest law.
LEA, or LEY. A pasture. Co. Litt. 46.
LEAD. The counsel on either side of a litigated action who is charged with the prin­cipal management and direction of the par­ty's case, as distinguished from his juniors or subordinates, is said to "lead in the cause," and Is termed the "leading counsel" on that side.
LEADING A USE. Where a deed was executed before the levy of a fine of land, for the purpose of specifying to whose use the fine should inure, it was said to "lead" the use. If executed after the fine, it was said to "declare" the use. 2 Bl. Comm. 363.
LEADING CASE. Among the various cases that are argued and determined in the courts, some, from their important character, have demanded more than usual attention from the judges, and from this circumstance are frequently looked upon as having settled or determined the law upon all points in­volved in'such cases, and as guides for sub­sequent decisions, and from the importance they thus acquire are familiarly termed "lead­ing cases." Brown.
LEADING COUNSEL. That one of two or more counsel employed on the same side In a cause who has the principal manage­ment of the cause.
LEADING QUESTION. A question put or framed in such a form as to suggest the answer sought to be obtained by the person interrogating. Coogler v. Rhodes, 38 Fla. 240, 21 South. Ill, 56 Am. St. Rep. 170; Gunter v. Watson, 49 N. C. 456; Railway Co. v. Hammon; 92 Tex. 509, 50 S. W. 123; Franks v. Gress Lumber Co., Ill Ga. 87, 36 S. E. 314.
Questions are leading which suggest to the witness the answer desired, or which embody a material fact, and may be answered by a mere negative or affirmative, or which involve an an­swer bearing immediately upon the merits of the cause, and indicating to the witness a repre­sentation which will best accord with the in­terests of the party propounding them. Tur-ney v. State, 8 Smedes & M. (Miss.) 104, 47 Am. Dee. 74.
A question is leading which puts into a wit­ness' mouth the words that are to be echoed
Bl.Law Dict.(2d Ed.)—45
back, or plainly suggests the answer which the party wishes to get from hinl. People v. Ma­ther, 4 Wend. (N. Y.) 229, 247, 21 Am. Dec. 122.
LEAGUE. 1. A treaty of alliance be­tween different states or parties. It may be offensive or defensive, or both. It is offensive when the contracting parties agree to unite in attacking a common enemy; defensive when the parties agree to act in concert in defending each other against an enemy. Wharton.
2. A measure of distance, varying In differ­ent countries. The marine league, marking the limit of national jurisdiction on the high seas, is equal to three geographical (or ma­rine) miles of 6,075 feet each.
In Spanish and Mexican law, the league, as a legal measure of length, consisted of 5,000 varas, and a vara was equivalent to 33% English inches, making the league equal to a little more than 2.63 miles, and the square league equal to 4,428 acres. This is its meaning as used in Texas land grants. United States v. Perot, 98 U. S. 428, 25 L. Ed. 251; Hunter v. Morse, 49 Tex. 219. "League and labor," an area of land equiva­lent to 4,605 acres. Ammons v. Dwyer, 78 Tex. 639, 15 S. W. 1049. See Labob.
LEAKAGE. The waste or diminution of a liquid caused by its leaking from the cask, barrel, or other vessel in which it was placed.
Also an allowance made to an importer of liquids, at the custom-house, in the collection of duties, for his loss sustained by the leak­ing of the liquid from its cask or vessel.
LEAL. L. Fr. Loyal; that which be­longs to the law.
LEALTE. L. Fr. Legality; the condi­tion of a legalis homo, or lawful man.
LEAN. To incline in opinion or prefer­ence. A court is sometimes said to "lean against" a doctrine, construction, or view contended for, whereby it is meant that the court regards it with disfavor or repugnance, because of its inexpedience, injustice, or in­consistency.
LEAF-YEAR. See Bissextile.
LEARNED. Possessing learning; eru­dite; versed in the law. In statutes pre­scribing the qualifications of judges, "learned in the law" designates one who has received a regular legal education, the almost invari­able evidence of which is the fact of his ad­mission to the bar. See Jamieson v. Wiggin, 12 S. D. 16, 80 N. W. 137, 46 L. R. A. 317, 76 Am. St Rep. 585; O'Neal v. McKinna, 116 Ala. 620, 22 South. 905.
LEARNING. Legal doctrine. 1 Leon. 77.

LEASE
706
LECTRINUM

LEASE. A conveyance of lands or fene-m ants to a person for life, for a term of years, or at will, in consideration of a return of rent or some other recompense. The person who so conveys such lands or tenements is termed the "lessor," and the person to whom they are conveyed, the "lessee;" and when the lessor so conveys lands or tenements to a lessee, he is said to lease, demise, or let them. 4 Cruise, Dig. 58.
A conveyance of any lands or tenements, (usually in consideration of rent or other an­nual recompense,) made for life, for years, or at will, but always for a less time than the tessor has in the premises; for, if it be for the whole interest, it is more properly an as­signment than a lease. 2 Bl. Comm. 317; Shep. Touch. 266; Watk. Con v. 220. And see Sawyer v. Hansen, 24 Me. 545; Thomas v. West Jersey R. C, 101 U. S. 78, 25 L. Ed. 950; Jackson v. Harsen, 7 Cow. (N. Y.) 326, 17 Am. Dec. 517; Lacey v. Newcomb, 95 Iowa, 287, 63 N. W. 704; Mayberry v. John­son, 15 N. J. Law, 121; Milliken v. Faulk, 111 Ala. 658, 20 South. 594; Craig v. Sum­mers, 47 Minn. 189, 49 N. W. 742, 15 L. R. A. 236; Harley v. O'Donnell, 9 Pa. Co. Ct. R. 56.
A contract in writing, under seal, whereby a person having a legal estate in hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, conveys a portion of his interest to another, in consideration of a certain annual rent or render, or other recom­pense. Archb. Landl. & Ten. 2.
"Lease" or "hire" is a synallagmatic con­tract, to which consent alone is sufficient, and by which one party gives to the other the en­joyment of a thing, or his labor, at a fixed price. Civil Code La. art. 2669.
When the contract is bipartite, the one part is called the "lease," the other the "coun­terpart." In the United States, it is usual that both papers should be executed by both. parties; but in England the lease is executed by the lessor alone, and given to the lessee, while the counterpart is executed by the les­see alone, and given to the lessor.
—Concurrent lease. One granted for a term which is to commence before the expiration or other determination of a previous lease of the same premises made to another person; or, in other words, an assignment of a part of the reversion, entitling the lessee to all the rents accruing on the previous lease after the date of his lease and to appropriate remedies against the holding tenant. Cargill v. Thompson, 57 Minn. 534, 59 N. W. 638.—Lease and re­lease. A species of conveyance much used in England, said to have been invented by Serjeant Moore, soon after the enactment of the statute of uses. It is thus contrived: A lease, or rather bargain and sale upon some pecuniary consideration for one year, is made by the tenant of the freehold to the lessee or bargain­ee. This,/ without any enrolment, makes the bargainor stand seised to the use of the bar­gainee, and vests in the bargainee the use of the term for one year, and then the statute immediately annexes the possession. Being thus in possession, he is capable of receiving a release of the freehold and reversion, which must be made to the tenant in possession, and accordingly the next day a release is granted to him. The lease and release, when used as
a conveyance of the fee, have the joint opera­tion of a single conveyance. 2 Bl. Comm. 339; 4 Kent, Comm. 482; Co. Litt. 207; Cruise, Dig. tit 32, c. 11.—Mining lease. See Mining.—Parol lease. A lease of real es­tate not evidenced by writing, but resting in an oral agreement.—Perpetual lease. A lease of lands which may last without limitation as to time; a grant of lands in fee with the res­ervation of a rent in fee; a fee-farm. Edwards v. Noel, 88 Mo. App. 434.—Sublease, or un­derlease. One executed by the lessee of an estate to a third person, conveving the same estate for a shorter term than that for which the lessee holds it.
LEASEHOLD. An estate in realty held under a lease; an estate for a fixed term of years. See Stubbings v. Evanston, 136 111. 37, 26 N. E. 577, 11 L. R. A. 839, 29 Am. St Rep. 300; Washington F. Ins. Co. v. Kelly, 32 Md. 421, 3 Am. Rep. 149; Harley v. O'Donnell, 9 Pa. Co. Ct R. 56.
LEASING, or LESING. Gleaning.
LEASING-MAKING. In old Scotch criminal law. An offense consisting In slan­derous and untrue speeches, to the disdain, reproach, and contempt of the king, his coun­cil and proceedings, etc Bell.
LEAUTE. L. Fr. Legality; sufficiency in law. Britt c. 109.
LEAVE. To give or dispose of by will. "The word 'leave,' as applied to the subject-matter, prima facie means a disposition by will." Thorley v. Thorley, 10 East, 438; Carr v. Effinger, 78 Va. 203.
LEAVE AND LICENSE. A defense to an action in trespass setting up the consent of the plaintiff to the trespass complained of.
LEAVE OF COURT. Permission obtain­ed from a court to take some action which, without such permission, would not be allow­able; as, to sue a receiver, to file an amend­ed pleading, to plead several pleas. See Cop-perthwait v. Dummer, 18 N. J. Law, 258.
LECCATOR. A debauched person. Cowell.
LECHERWITE, LAIRWITE, or LEG-ERWITE. A fine for adultery or fornica­tion, anciently paid to the lords of certain manors. 4 Inst 206.
LECTOR DE LETRA ANTIQUA. In
Spanish law. A person appointed by com­petent authority to read and decipher ancient writings, to the end that they may be pre­sented on the trial of causes as documents entitled to legal credit Escriche.
LECTRINUM. A pulpit Hon. AngL torn. Hi. p. 243.

LECTURER "i
LECTURER. An instructor; a reader of lectures; also a clergyman who assists rect­ors, etc., in preaching, etc.
LEDGE. In mining law. This term, as used in the mining laws of the United States (Rev. St § 2322 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1425]) and in both legal and popular usage in the western American states, is synonymous with "lode," which see.
LEDGER. A book of accounts in which a trader enters the names of all persons with whom he has dealings; there being two par­allel columns in each account, one for the en­tries to the debit of the person charged, the other for his credits. Into this book are posted the items from the day-book or journal.
—Ledger-book. In ecclesiastical law. The name of a book kept in the prerogative courts in England. It is considered as a roll of the court, but, it seems, it cannot be read in evi­dence. Bac Abr.
LEDGREVIUS. In old English law. A lathe-reeve, or chief officer of a lathe. Spel-man.
LEDO. The rising water or increase of the sea.
LEET. In English law. The name of a court of criminal jurisdiction, formerly of much importance, but latterly fallen into dis­use. See Cotjbt-Lebt.
LEETS. Meetings which were appointed for the nomination or election of ecclesiastic­al officers in Scotland. Cowell.
LEGA, or LACTA. The alloy of money. Spelman.
LEGABILIS. In old English law. .That which may be bequeathed. CowelL
LEGACY. A bequest or gift of personal property by last will and testament Browne v. Cogswell, 5 Allen (Mass.) 557; Evans v. Price, 118 111. 593, 8 N. E. 854; Probate Court y. Matthews, 6 Vt 274; In re Karr, 2 How. Prac. N. S. (N. Y.) 409; Nye v. Grand Lodge, 9 Ind. App. 131, 36 N. E. 429; Ky. St 1903, | 467.
Synonyms. "Legacy" and "bequest" are equivalent terms. But in strict common-law terminology "legacy" and "devise" do not mean the same thing "and are not interchangeable, the former being restricted to testamentary gifts of personal property, while the latter is prop­erly used only in relation to real estate. But by construction the word "legacy" may be so extended as to include realty or interests there­in, when this is necessary to make a statute cover its intended subject-matter or to effectu­ate the purpose of a testator as expressed in his will. See In re Ross's Estate, 140 Cal. 282, 73 Pac. 976; In re Karr, 2 How. Prac. N. S. (N. Y.) 409; Bacon v. Bacon. 55 Vt. 247; Rotr's Appeal, 94 Pa. 191; Williams v. Mc-Comb, 38' N. C 455; Lasher v. Lasher, 13
LEGACY
Barb. (N. Y.) 110; In re Stuart's Will, 115 Wis. 294, 91 N. W. 688; Homes v. Mitchell, 6 N. C. 230, 5 Am. Dec. 527.
Classification.—Absolute legacy. On*
given without condition and intended to vest immediately.—Additional legacy. One giv­en to the same legatee in addition- to (and not in lieu of) another legacy given before by the same will or in a codicil thereto—Alternate legacy. One by which the testator gives one of two or more things without designating which.—Conditional legacy. One which is liable to take effect or to be defeated according to the occurrence or non-occurrence of some uncertain event. Harker v. Smith, 41 Ohio St. 238. 52 Am. Rep. 80; Markham v. Hufford, 123 Mich. 505, 82 N. W. 222, 48 L. R. A. 580, 81 Am. St. Rep. 222.—Contingent legacy. A legacy given to a person at a future uncer­tain time, that may or may not arrive; as "at his age of twenty-one," or "if or "when he attains twenty-one." 2 Bl. Comm. 513; 2 Steph. Comm. 259. A legacy made dependent upon some uncertain event. 1 Rop. Leg 506. A legacy which has not vested. In re Engles' Estate. 166 Pa. 280, 31 Atl. 76; Andrews v. Russell, 127 Ala. 195, 28 South. 703; Ruben-cane v. McKee, 6 Del. Ch. 40, 6 Atl. 639.— Cumulative legacies. These are legacies so called to distinguish them from legacies which are merely repeated. In the construc­tion of testamentary instruments, the question often arises whether, where a testator has twice bequeathed a legacy to the same person, the legatee is entitled to both, or only to one of them; in other words, whether the second legacy must be considered as a mere repetition of the first, or as cumulative, t. e., additional. In determining this question, the intention of the testator, if it appears on the face of the instrument, prevails. Wharton.—Demonstra­tive legacy. A bequest of a certain sum of money, with a direction that it shall be paid out of a particular fund. It differs from a specific legacy in this respect: that, if the fund out of which it is payable fails for any cause, it is nevertheless entitled to come on the estate as a general legacy. And it differs from a gen­eral legacy in this: that it does not abate in that class, but in the class of specific legacies. Appeal of Armstrong, 63 Pa. 316; Kenaday v. Sinnott, 179 U. S. 606, 21 Sup. Ct. 233, 45 L. Ed. 339; Gilmer v. Gilmer, 42 Ala. 9; Glass v. Dunn, 17 Ohio St. 424; Crawford v. McCarthv, 159 N. Y. 514, 54 N. E. 277; Roquet v. Eldridge, 118 Ind. 147, 20 N. B. 733. A legacy of quantity is ordinarily a gen­eral legacy; but there are legacies of quantity in the nature of specific legacies, as of so much money, with reference to a particular fund for payment. This kind of legacy is called by the civilians a "demonstrative legacy," and it is so far general and differs so much in effect from one properly specific that, if the fund be called in or fail, the legatee will not be deprived of his legacy, but be permitted to receive it out of the general assets; yet the legacy is so far specific that it will not be liable to abate with general legacies upon a deficiency of assets. 2 Williams, Ex'rs, 1078—General legacy. A pecuniary legacy, payable out of the general assets of a testator. 2 Bl. Comm. 512; Ward, Leg. 1, 16. One so given as not to amount to a bequest of a particular thing or partic­ular money tf the testator, distinguished from others of the same kind; one of quantity merely, not specific. Tifft v. Porter, 8 N. Y. 518; Evans v. Hunter, 86 Iowa, 413, 53 N. W. 277, 17 L. R, A. 308, 41 Am. St. Rep. 503; Kelly v. Richardson, 100 Ala. 584, 13 South. 785.—Indefinite legacy. One which passes property by a general or col­lective term, without enumeration of number or quantity; as, a bequest of "all" the tes­tator's "goods," or his "bank stock." Lown. Leg. 84.—Lapsed legacy. Where the lega­tee dies before the testator, or before the

LEGACY
708
LEGATES

legacy is payable, the bequest is said to lapse, as it then falls into the residuary fund of the estate.—Modal legacy. A bequest accom­panied by directions as to the mode or manner in which it shall be applied for the legatee's benefit, e. g., a legacy to A. to buy him a house or a commission in the army. See Lown. Leg. 151.—Pecuniary legacy. A bequest of a sum of money, or of an annuity. It may or may not specify the fund from which it is to be drawn. It is not the less a pecuniary lega­cy if it comprises the specific pieces of money in a designated receptacle, as a purse or chest. See Humphrey v. Robinson, 52 Hun, 200, 5 N. Y. Supp. 164; Lang v. Ropke, 10 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 75; Mathis v. Mathis, 18 N. J. Law, 66.—Residuary legacy. A bequest of all the testator's personal estate not otherwise effectually disposed of by his will; a bequest of "all the rest, residue, and remainder" of the personal property after payment of debts and satisfaction of the particular legacies. See In re Williams' Estate, 112 Cal. 521, 44 Pac. 808, 53 Am. St Rep 224; Civ. Code Cal. 1903, § 1357, subd. 4.—Special legacy. A "spe­cific legacy" (g. v.) is sometimes so called.— Specific legacy. A legacy or gift by will of a particular- specified thing, as of a horse, a piece of furniture, a term of years, and the like. Mornss v. Garland, 78 Va. 222. In a strict sense, a legacy of a particular chattel, which is specified and distinguished from all other chattels of the testator of the same kind; as of a horse of a certain color. A legacy of a quantity of chattels described collectively; as a gift of all the testator's pictures. Ward, Leg. 16-18. A legacy is general, where its amount or value is a charge upon the general assets in the hands of the executors, and where, if these are sufficient to meet all the provisions in the will, it must be satisfied; it is specific, when it is limited to a particular thing, sub­ject, or chose in action, so identified as to ren­der the bequest inapplicable to any other; as the bequest of a horse, a picture, or jewel, or a debt due from a person named, and, in special cases, even of a sum of money. Langdon v. Astor, 3 Duer (N. Y.) 477, 543.—Trust legacy. A bequest of personal property to trustees to be held upon trust; as, to pay the annual in­come to a beneficiary for life.—Universal legacy. In the civil law. A testamentary dis­position by which the testator gives to one or several persons the whole of the property which he leaves at his decease. Civ. Code La. 1900, art. 1606.—Legacy duty. A duty imposed in England upon personal property (other than leaseholds) devolving under any will or intes­tacy. Brown.
LEGAL. 1. Conforming to the law; ac­cording to law; required or permitted by law; not forbidden or discountenanced by law; good and effectual in law.
2.Proper or sufficient to be recognized by the law; cognizable in the courts; competent or adequate to fulfill the requirements of the law.
3.Cognizable in courts of law, as distin­guished from courts of equity; construed or governed by the rules and prinqfples of law, in contradistinction to rules of equity.
4.Posited by the courts as the inference or Imputation of the law, as a matter of con­struction, rather than established by actual proof; e. g„ legal malice. See Lawful.
As to legal "Age," "Assets," "Considera­tion," "Cruelty," "Damages," "Day," "Debts," "Demand," "Defense," "Disability," "Discre­tion," "Duty," "Estate," "Evidence," "Fraud,"
"Heirs," "Holiday," "Incapacity," "Interest,'1 "Irregularity," "Malice," "Memory," "Mort­gage," "Negligence," "Notice," "Proceedings," "Process," "Relevancy," "Remedy," "Repre­sentative," "Reversion," "Subrogation," and "Tender," see those titles.
LEGALIS HOMO. Lat. A lawful man; a person who stands rectus in curta; a per­son not outlawed, excommunicated, or in­famous. It occurs in the phrase, "pro ft* et legates homines" (good and lawful men, com­petent jurors,) and "legality" designates' the condition of such a man. Jacob.
LEGALIS MONETA ANGLLX. Lawful money of England. 1 Inst. 207.
LEGALITY, or LEGALNESS. Lawful­ness.
LEGALIZATION. The act of legalizing or making legal or lawful. See Legalize.
LEGALIZE. To make legal or lawful} to confirm or validate what was before void or unlawful; to add the sanction and author­ity of law to that which before was without or against law.
—Legalized nuisance. A structure, erection, or other thing which would constitute a nuis­ance at common law, but which cannot be ob­jected to by private persons because construct­ed or maintained under direct and sufficient legislative authority. Such, for example, are hospitals and pesthouses maintained by cities. See Baltimore v. Fairfield Imp. Co., 87 Md. 352, 39 Atl. 1081, 40 L. R. A. 494, 67 Am. St Rep. 344.
LEGALLY. Lawfully; according to law.
LEGANTINE CONSTITUTIONS. The
name of a code of ecclesiastical laws, en­acted in national synods, held under legates from Pope Gregory IX. and Clement IV., in the reign of Henry III., about the years 1220 and 1268. 1 Bl. Comm. 83.
LEGARE. Lat. In the civil and old English law. To bequeath; to leave or give by will; to give in anticipation of death. In Scotch phrase, to legate.
LEGATAB.1US. Lat In the civil law.
One to whom a thing is bequeathed; a leg­atee or legatary. Inst. 2, 20, 2, 4, 5, 10; Bract, fol. 40.
In old European law. A legate, messen­ger, or envoy. Spelman.
LEGATEE. The person to whom a leg­acy is given. See Legacy.
—Residuary legatee. The person to whom a testator bequeaths the residue of his personal estate, after the payment of such other lega­cies as are specifically mentioned in the will. Probate Court v. Matthews, 6 Vt. 274; Laing v. Barbour, 119 Mass. 525; Lafferty v. Peo­ple's Sav. Bank, 76 Mich. 35, 43 N. W. 34.
LEGATES. Nuncios, deputies, or extraor­dinary ambassadors sent by the pope to bt

LEGATION
709
LEGES NATURE

his representatives and to exercise his ju­risdiction in countries where the Roman Catholic Church is established by law.
LEGATION. An embassy; a diplomatic minister and his suite; the persons commis­sioned by one government to exercise diplo­matic functions at the court of another, in­cluding the minister, secretaries, attaches, interpreters, etc., are collectively styled the "legation" of their government. The word also denotes the official residence of a foreign minister
LEGATOR. One who makes a will, and leaves legacies
LEGATORY. The third part of a free­man's personal estate, which by the custom of London, in case he had a wife and chil­dren, the freeman might always have dispos­ed of by will. Bac. Abr. "Customs of Lon­don," D. 4.
Legatos violare contra jus gentium est.
4 Coke, pref. It is contrary to the law of nations to injure ambassadors.
LEGATUM. Lat. In the civil law. A
legacy; a gift left by a deceased person, to be executed by the heir. Inst. 2, 20, 1.
In old English law. A legacy given to the church, or an accustomed mortuary. Cowell.
Legatum morte testatoris tantum con* nrmatur, sicut donatio inter vivos tra-ditione sola. Dyer, 143. A legacy is con­firmed by the death of a testator, in the same manner as a gift from a living person is by delivery alone.
LEGATUM OPTIONIS. In Roman law. A legacy to A. B. of any article or articles that A. B. liked to choose or select out of the testator's estate. If A. B. died after the testator, but before making the choice or selection, his representative (hceres) could not, prior to Justinian, make the selection for him, Dut the legacy failed altogether. Justinian, however, made the legacy good, and enabled the representative to choose. Brown.
Legatus regis vice fungitur a quo des-tinatur et honorandus est sicut ille cujus vicem gerit. 12 Coke, 17. An ambassador fills the place of the king by whom he is sent, and is to be honored as he is whose place he fills.
LEGEM. Lat. Accusative of lex, law. Occurring in various legal phrases, as fol­lows:
—Legem amittere. To lose one's law; that is, to lose one's privilege of being admitted to take an oa*\h.—Legem facere. In old English law. To make law or oath.—Legem ferre. In Roman law. To propose a law to the people
for their adoption. Heinecc. Ant. Rom. lib. 1, tit. 2.—Legem habere. To be capable of giv­ing evidence upon oath. Witnesses who had been convicted of crime were incapable of giv­ing evidence, until 6 & 7 Vict. c. 85.—Legem jubere. In Roman law. To give consent and authority to a proposed law; to make or pass it. Tayl. Civil Law, 9.—Legem pone. To propound or lay down the law. By an extreme­ly obscure derivation or analogy, this term was formerly used as a slang equivalent for pay­ment in cash or in ready money..—Legem scis-cere. To give consent and authority to a pro­posed law; applied to the consent of the peo­ple.—Legem vadiare. In old English law. To wage law; to offer or to give pledge to make defense, by oath, with compurgators.
Legem terrse amittentes, perpetuazn infamise notam inde merito incurrunt.
Those who lose the law of the land, then justly incur the ineffaceable brand of in­famy. 3 Inst. 221.
LEGES. Lat. Laws. At Rome, the leges (the decrees of the people in a strict sense) were laws which were proposed by a magis­trate presiding in the senate, and adopted by the Roman people in the cornitia centuriata Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 31.
—Leges Anglise. The laws of England, as distinguished from the civil law and other for­eign systems—Leges non scriptse. In Eng­lish law. Unwritten or customary laws, in­cluding those ancient acts of parliament which were made before time of memory. Hale, Com. Law, 5. See 1 Bl. Comm. 63, 64.—Leges scriptse. In English law. Written laws ; stat­ute laws, or acts of parliament which are orig­inally reduced into writing before they are en­acted, or receive any binding power. Hale, Com. Law, 1, 2.—Leges sub graviori lege. Laws under a weightier law. Hale, Com. Law, 46, 44.—Leges tabellarise. Roman laws reg­ulating the mode of voting by ballot, (taiella.) 1 Kent, Comm. 232, note.
Leges Angliae sunt tripartita,—jus commune, consuetudines, ao decreta comitiorum. The laws of England are threefold,—common law, customs, and de­crees of parliament.
Leges figendi et refigendi consuetudo est periculosissima. The practice of fixing and refixing [making and remaking] the laws is a most dangerous one. 4 Coke, pref.
Leges huxnanse nascuntur, vivunt, et moriuntur. Human laws are born, live, and die. 7 Coke, 25; 2 Atk. 674; 11 C B. 767; 1 Bl. Comm. 89.
Leges naturae perfectissim.se sunt et immutabiles; human! vero juris condi­tio semper in infinitum decurrit, et nihil est in eo quod perpetuo stare possit. Leges humanse nascuntur, vivunt, mo­riuntur. The laws of nature are most per­fect and immutable; but the condition of human law is an unending succession, and there is nothing in it which can continue perpetually. Human laws are born, live, and die. 7 Coke, 25.

LEGES NON VERBIS 710 LEGITIME IMPERANTI
Leges non verbis, sed rebus, sunt im-positse. Laws are imposed, not on words; but things. 10 Coke, 101; Branch, Princ.
Leges posteriores priores contrariaa abrogant. Later laws abrogate prior laws that are contrary to them. Broom, Max. 27, 29.
Leges snnm ligent latorem. Laws should bind their own maker. Fleta, lib. 1, c. 17, § 11.
Leges vigilantibus, non dormientibus, subveniunt. The laws aid the vigilant, not the negligent. Smith v. Carll, 5 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 122, 145; Toole v. Cook, 16 How. Prac. (N. Y.) 142, 144.
LEGIBUS SOLUTUS. Lat Released from the laws; not bound by the laws. An expression applied in the Roman civil law to the emperor. Calvin.
Legibus sumptis desinentibns, lege na­turae utendum est. When laws imposed by the state fail, we must act by the law of nature. 2 Rolle, 298.
LEGIOSUS. In old records. Litigious, and so subjected to a course of law. Cowell.
Legis constrnctio non facit injuriam.
Co. Litt. 183. The construction of law does no injury.
Legis interpretatio legis vim obtinet.
Ellesm. Postn. 55. The interpretation of law obtains the force of law.
Legis minister non tenetnr in execu-tione officii sni, fugere ant retrocedere.
The minister of the law is bound, in the exe­cution of his office, not to fly nor to retreat. Branch, Princ.
LEGISLATION. The act of giving or enacting laws. State v. Hyde, 121 Ind. 20, 22 N. E. 644.
LEGISLATIVE. Making or giving laws; pertaining to the function of law-making or to the process of enactment of laws. See Evansville v. State, 118 Ind. 426, 21 N. E. 267, 4 L. R. A. 93.
—Legislative department. That department of; government whose appropriate function is the making or enactment of laws, as distin­guished from the judicial department, which in­terprets and applies the laws, and the executive department, which carries them into execution and effect. See In re Davies, 168 N. Y. 89, 61 N. E. 118, 56 L. R. A. 855.—Legislative of­ficer. A member of the legislative body or de­partment of a state*or municipal corporation. See Prosecuting Attorney v. Judge of Record­er's Court, 59 Mich. 529, 26 N. W. 694.—Legis­lative power. The lawmaking power; the department of government whose function is the framing and enactment of laws. Evansville v. State, 118 Ind. 426, 21 N. E. 267, 4 L. R. A.
93; Sanders v. Cabaniss, 43 Ala. 180; Brown v. Galveston, 97 Tex. 1, 75 S. W. 495; CXNeil v. American F. Ins. Co., 166 Pa. 72, 30 AtL 943, 26 L. R. A. 715, 45 Am. St. Rep. 650.
LEGISLATOR. One who makes laws; a member of a legislative body.
Legislatorum est viva vox, rebus et non verbis legem imponere. The voice of legislators is a living voice, to impose laws on things, and not on words. 10 Coke, 101.
LEGISLATURE. The department, as­sembly, or body of men that makes laws for a state or nation; a legislative body.
LEGISPERITUS. Lat A person skill­ed or learned in the law; a lawyer or advo­cate. Feud. lib. 2, tit 1.
LEGIT VEL NON? In old English prac­tice, this was the formal question propounded to the ordinary when a prisoner claimed the benefit of clergy,—does he read or not? If the ordinary found that the prisoner was en­titled to clergy, his formal answer was, "Legit ut clericus," he reads like a clerk.
LEGITIM. In Scotch law. The chil­dren's share in the father's movables.
LEGITIMACY. Lawful birth; the con­dition of being born in wedlock; the opposite of illegitimacy or bastardy. Davenport v. Caldwell, 10 S. C. 337; Pratt v. Pratt, 5 Mo. App. 541.
LEGITIMATE, v. To make lawful; to confer legitimacy; to place a child born be­fore marriage on the footing of those born in lawful wedlock. McKamie v. Baskerville, 86 Tenn. 459, 7S.W. 194; Blythe v. Ayres, 96 Cal. 532, 31 Pac. 915, 19 L. R. A. 40.
LEGITIMATE, adj. That which is law­ful, legal, recognized by law, or according to law; as legitimate children, legitimate au­thority, or lawful power. Wilson v. Babb, 18 S. C. 69; Gates v. Seibert, 157 Mo. 254, 57 S. W. 1065, 80 Am. St. Rep. 625.
LEGITIMATION. The making legiti­mate or lawful that which was not originally so; especially the act of legalizing the status of a bastard.
—Legitimation per subsequent matrimo-nium. The legitimation of a bastard by the subsequent marriage of his parents. Bell.
LEGITIME. Lat. In the civil law. That portion of a parent's estate of which he cannot disinherit his children without a legal cause. Miller v. Miller, 105 La. 257, 29 South. 802; Cox v. Von Ahlefeldt, 50 La-Ann. 1266, 23 South. 959.
Legitime imperanti parere neeesse est.
Jenk. Cent. 120. One lawfully commanding must be obeyed.

LEGITIMI H^IREDES 711
LESTAGEFRY

LEGITIMI H2EREDES. Lat In Bo-man law. Legitimate heirs; the agnate re­lations of the estate-leaver; so called because the inheritance was given to them by a law of the Twelve Tables.
LEGITIMUS. Lawful; legitimate. Legitimus hceres et filius est quern nuptice demonstrant, a lawful son and heir is he whom the marriage points out to be lawful. Bract fol. 63.
LEGO. Lat. In Roman law. I bequeath. A common term in wills. Dig. 30, 36, 81, et seq.
LEGRUITA. In old records. A fine for criminal conversation with a woman.
LEGULEIUS. A person skilled in law, (in legibus versatus;) one versed in the forma of law. Calvin.
LEIDGRAVE. An officer under the Sax­on government, who had jurisdiction over a lath. Enc. Lond. See Lath.
LEIPA. In old English law. A fugitive or runaway.
LEND. To part with a thing of value to another for a time fixed or indefinite, yet to have some time in ending, to be used or en­joyed by that other, the thing itself or the equivalent of it to be given back at the time fixed, or when lawfully asked for, with or without compensation for the use as may be agreed upon. Kent v. Quicksilver Min. Co., 78 N. Y. 177.
LENDER. He from whom a thing is bor­rowed. The bailor of an article loaned.
LENT. In ecclesiastical law. The quad­ragesimal fast; a time of abstinence; the time from Ash-Wednesday to Easter.
LEOD. People; a people; a nation. Spelman.
LEODES. In old European law. A vas­sal, or liege man; service; a toere or xoere-ffild. Spelman.
LEOHT-GESCEOT. A tax for supplying the church with lights. Anc. Inst. Eng.
LEONINA SOCIETAS. Lat. An at­tempted partnership, in which one party was to bear all the losses, and have no share in the profits. This was a void partnership in Roman law; and, apparently, it would also be void as a partnership in English law, as being inherently inconsistent with the notion of partnership. (Dig. 17, 2, 29, 2.) Brown.
LEP AND LACE, A custom in the man­or of Writtle, in Essex, that every cart which
goes over Greenbury within that manor {ex­cept it be the cart of a nobleman) shall pay 4d. to the lord. Blount.
LEPORARIUS. A greyhound. CowelL
LEPORIUM. A place where hares are kept Mon. Angl. t 2, p. 1035.
LEPROSUS. L. Lat. A leper.
—Leproso amovendo. An ancient writ that lay to remove a leper or lazar, who thrust him­self into the company of his neighbors in any parish, either in the church or at other public meetings, to their annoyance. Reg. Orig. 237.
LESCHEWES. Trees fallen by chance or wind-falls. Brooke, Abr. 341.
LESE MAJESTY. The old English and Scotch translation of "Icesa majestas," or high treason. 2 Reeve, Eng. Law, 6.
LESION. Fr. Damage; Injury; detri­ment. Kelham. A term of the Scotch law.
In the civil law. The injury suffered by one who does not receive a full equivalent for what he gives in a commutative contract Civil Code La. art. 1860. Inequality in con­tracts. Poth. Obi., no. 33.
In medical jurisprudence. Any change in the structure of an organ due to injury or disease, whether apparent or diagnosed as the cause of a functional irregularity or disturbance.'
LESPEGEND. An inferior officer in for­ests to take care of the vert and venison therein, etc. Wharton.
LESSEE. He to whom a lease is made. He who holds an estate by virtue of a lease. Viterbo v. Friedlander, 120 U. S. 707, 7 Sup. Ct. 962, 30 L. Ed. 776.
LESSOR. He who grants a lease. Viter­bo v. Friedlander, 120 U. S. 707, 7 Sup. Ct 962, 30 L. Ed. 776.
—Lessor of the plaintiff. In the action of ejectment, this was the party who really and in effect prosecuted the action and was inter­ested in its result. The reason of his having been so called arose from the circumstance of the action having been carried on in the name of a nominal plaintiff, (John Doe,) to whom the real plaintiff had granted a fictitious lease, and thus had become his lessor.
LEST. Fr. In French maritime law. Ballast. Ord. Mar. liv. 4, tit 4, art. 1.
LESTAGE, LASTAGE. A custom for carrying things in fairs and markets. Fleta. 1. 1, c. 47; Termes de la Ley.
LESTAGEFRY. Lestage free, or ex­empt from the duty of paying ballast money CowelL

LESTAGIUM
712
LETTER

LESTAGIUM. Lastage or lestage; a du­ty laid on the cargo of a ship. Cowell
IESWES. Pastures. Domesday; Co. Litt. 46. A term often inserted in old deeds and conveyances. Cowell.
LET, v. In conveyancing. To demise or lease. "To let and set" is an old expression.
In practice. To deliver. "To let to bail" is to deliver to bail on arrest.
In contracts. To award to one of sev­eral persons, who have submitted proposals therefor, the contract for erecting public works or doing some part of the work con­nected therewith, or rendering some other service to government for a stipulated com­pensation.
Letting the contract is the choosing one from among the number of bidders, and the formal making of the contract with him. The letting, or putting out, is a different thing from the in­vitation to make proposals; the letting is subse­quent to the invitation. It is the act of award­ing the contract to the proposer, after the pro­posals have been received and considered. See Eppes v. Railroad Co., 35 Ala. 33, 55.
In the language of judicial orders and decrees, the word "let" (in the imperative) imports a positive direction or command. •Thus the phrase "let the writ issue as pray­ed" is equivalent to "it is hereby ordered that the writ issue," etc. See Ingram v. Laroussini, 50 La. Ann. 69, 23 South. 498.
LET, n. In old conveyancing. Hindrance; obstruction ; interruption. Still occasionally used in the phrase "without any let, suit, trouble," etc.
LET IN. In practice. To admit a party as a matter of favor; as to open a judgment and "let the defendant in" to a defense.
LETHAL WEAPON. In Scotch law. A deadly weapon. See State v. Godfrey, 17 Or. 300, 20 Pac. 625, 11 Am. St. Rep. 830.
LETRADO. In Spanish law. An advo­cate. White, New Recop. b. 1, tit. 1, c. 1, i 3, note.
LETTER. 1. One of the arbitrary marks or characters constituting the alpha­bet, and used in written language as the representatives of sounds or articulations of the human organs of speech. Several of the letters of the English alphabet have a special significance in jurisprudence, as ab-oreviations and otherwise, or are employed as numerals.
2.A dispatch or epistle; a written or printed message; a communication in writ­ing from one person to another at a dis­tance. U. S. v. Huggett (C. C.) 40 Fed. 640; U. S. v. Denicke (C. C.) 35 Fed. 409.
3.In the imperial law of Rome, "letter" or "epistle" was the name of the answer re-
turned by the emperor to a question of law submitted to him by the magistrates.
4.A commission, patent, or written in­strument containing or attesting the grant of some power, authority, or right. The word appears in this generic sense in many compound phrases known to commercial law and jurisprudence; e. g., letter of at­torney, letter missive, letter of credit, let­ters patent. The plural is frequently used.
5.Metaphorically, the verbal expression; the strict literal meaning. The letter of a statute, as distinguished from its spirit, means the strict and exact force of the lan­guage employed, as distinguished from the general purpose and policy of the law.
6.He who, being the owner of a thing, lets it out to another for hire or compensa­tion. Story, Bailm. § 369.
—Letter-book. A book in which a merchant or trader keeps copies of letters sent by him to his correspondents.—Letter-carrier. An em­ploys of the post-office, whose duty it is to car­ry letters from the post-office to the persons to whom they are addressed.—Letter missive. In English law. A letter from the king or queen to a, dean and chapter, containing the name of the person whom he would have them elect as bishop. 1 Steph. Comm. 666. A request ad­dressed to a peer, peeress, or lord of parlia­ment against whom a bill has been filed desiring the defendant to appear and answer to the bill. In civil-law practice. The phrase "letters mis­sive," or "letters dimissory," is sometimes used to denote the papers sent up on an appeal by the judge or court below to the superior tribu­nal, otherwise called the "apostles," (q. v )•— Letter of advocation. In Scotch law. The process or warrant by which, on appeal to the supreme court or court of session, that tribu­nal assumes to itself jurisdiction of the cause, and discharges the lower court from all further proceedings in the action. Ersk. Inst. 732. —Letter of credence. In international law. The document which accredits an ambassador, minister, or envoy to the court or government to which he is sent; i. e., certifies to his appoint­ment and qualification, and bespeaks credit for his official actions and representations.—Letter of exchange. A bill of exchange, (q. v.)— Letter of license. A letter or written instru­ment given by creditors to their debtor, who has failed in trade, etc , allowing him longer time for the payment of his debts, and protect­ing him from arrest in the mean time. Tom-lins; Holthouse.—Letter of marque. A com­mission given to a private ship by a government to make reprisals on the ships of another state; hence, also, the ship thus commissioned. U. S. v. The Ambrose Light (D. C.) 25 Fed. 408; Gibbons v. Livingston, 6 N. J. Law, 255 —Let­ter of recall. A document addressed by the executive of one nation to that of another, in­forming the latter that a minister sent by the former has been recalled.—Letter of recre­dentials. A document embodying the formal action of a government upon a letter of recall of a foreign minister. It, in effect, accredits him back to his own government It is address­ed to the latter government, and is delivered to the minister by the diplomatic secretary of the state from which he is recalled.—Letters close. In English law. Close letters are grants of the king, and, being of private concern, they are thus distinguished from letters patent.—Let­ters of absolution. Absolvatory letters, used In former times, when an abbot released any of his brethren ab omnia subjeetione et ohedten-tia, etc., and made them capable of entering

LETTER
713
LEVATO VELO

into some other order of religion. Jacob.—Let­ters of correspondence. In Scotch law. Letters are admissible in evidence against the panel, *. e., the prisoner at the bar, in criminal trials. A letter written by the panel is evi­dence against him; not so one from a third party found in his possession. Bell.—Letters of fire and sword. See Fibe and Swobd. —Letters of request. A formal instrument by which an inferior judge of ecclesiastical ju­risdiction requests the judge of a superior court to take and determine any matter which has come before him, thereby waiving or remitting his own jurisdiction. This is a mode of begin­ning a suit originally in the court of arches, instead of the consistory court.—Letters of safe conduct. No subject of a nation at war with England can, by the law of nations, come into the realm, nor can travel himself upon the high seas, or send his goods and merchandise from one place to another, without danger of being seized, unless he has letters of safe con­duct, which, by divers old statutes, must be granted under the great seal, and enrolled in chancery, or else are of no effect; the sovereign being the best judge of such emergencies as may deserve exemption from the general law of arms. But passports or licenses from the ambassadors abroad are now more usually ob­tained, and are allowed to be of equal validity. Wharton.—Letters of slains, or slanes. Letters subscribed by the relatives of a per­son who had been slain, declaring that they had received an assythment, and concurring in an application to the crown for a pardon to the offender. These or other evidences of their concurrence were necessary to found the appli­cation Bell.—Letters rogatory. A formal communication in writing, sent by a court in which an action is pending to a court or judse of a foreign country, requesting that the testi­mony of a witness resident within the juris­diction of the latter court may be there for­mally taken under its direction and transmitted to the first court for use in the pending action. This process was also in use, at an early peri­od, between the several states of the Union. The request rests entirely upon the comity of courts towards each other. See Union Square Bank v. Reichmann, 9 App. Div 596, 41 N. Y. Supp. 602.—Letters testamentary. The for­mal instrument of authority and appointment given to an executor by the proper court, em­powering him to enter upon the discharge of his office as executor. It corresponds to letters of administration granted to an administrator.
As to letters of "Administration," "Ad­vice," "Attorney," "Credit," "Horning," "Recommendation," see those titles. As to "Letters Patent," see Patent.
LETTING OUT. The act of awarding a contract; e. g, a construction contract, or contract for carrying the mails.
LETTRE. Fr. In French law. A letter. It is used, like our English "letter," for a formal instrument giving authority.
—Lettres de cachet. Letters issued and sign­ed by the kings of France, and countersigned by a secretary of state, authorizing the impris­onment of a person. It is said that they were devised by PSre Joseph, under the administra­tion of Richelieu. They were at first made use of occasionally as a means of delaying the course of justice; but during the reign of Louis XIV. they were obtained by any person of suffi­cient influence with the king or his ministers. Under them, persons were imprisoned for life or for a long period on the most frivolous pre­texts, for the gratification of private pique or revenge, and without any reason being assigned
for such punishment. They were also granted by the king for the purpose of shielding his favorites or their friends from the consequences of their crimes; and thus were as pernicious in their operation as the protection afforded by the church to criminals in a former age. Abolished during the Revolution of 1789. Wharton.
LEUCA. In old French law. A
league, consisting of fifteen hundred paces, Spelman.
In old English law. A league or mile of a thousand paces. Domesday; Spelman.
A privileged space around a monastery of a league or mile in circuit. Spelman.
IEVAND2E NAVIS CAUSA. Lat For
the sake of lightening the ship; denotes a purpose of throwing overboard goods, which renders them subjects of general average.
LEVANT ET COUCHANT. L. Fr. Ris» ing up and lying down. A term applied to trespassing cattle which have remained long enough upon land to have lain down to rest and risen up to feed; generally the space of a night and a day, or, at least, one night
LEV ANTES ET CUBANTES. Rising up and lying down. A term applied to cattle. 3 Bl. Comm. 9. The Latin equivalent of "levant et couchant."
LEVARI FACIAS. Lat. A writ of ex­ecution directing the sheriff to cause to be made of the lands and chattels of the judg­ment debtor the sum recovered by the judg­ment Pentland v. Kelly, 6 Watts & S. (Pa.) 484.
Also a writ to the bishop of the diocese, commanding him to enter into the benefice of a judgment debtor, and take and sequester the same into his possession, and hold the same until he shall have levied the amount of the judgment out of the rents, tithes, and profits thereof.
—Levari facias damna de disseisitoribus.
A writ formerly directed to the sheriff for the levying of damages, which a disseisor had been condemned to pay to the disseisee. Cowell — Levari facias quando vicecomes returna-vit qnod non habuit emptores. An old writ commanding the sheriff to sell the goods of a debtor which he had already taken, and had returned that he could not sell them; and as much more of the debtor's goods as would satis­fy the whole debt. Cowell —Levari facias residuum debiti. An old writ directed to the sheriff for levying the remnant of a partly-satisfied debt upon the lands and tenements or chattels of the debtor. Cowell.
LEVATO VELO. Lat. An expression used in the Roman law, and applied to the trial of wreck and salvage. Commentators disagree about the origin of the expression; but all agree that its general meaning is that these causes shall be heard summarily. The most probable solution is that it refers to the place where causes were heard. A sail was spread before the door and officers employed to keep strangers from the tribu-

LEVEE
714
LEVYING WAR

nal. When these causes were heard, this sail was raised, and suitors came directly to the court, and their causes were heard im­mediately. As applied to maritime courts, its meaning is that causes should be heard without delay. These causes require dis­patch, and a delay amounts practically to a denial of justice. (See Cod. 11, 4, 5.) Bou-vier.
LEVEE. An embankment or artificial mound of earth constructed along the mar­gin of a river, to confine the stream to its natural channel or prevent inundation or overflow. State v. New Orleans & N. E. R. Co., 42 La. Ann. 138, 7 South. 226; Royse v. Evansville & T. H. R. Co., 160 Ind. 592,
67N. E. 446. Also (probably by an exten­sion of the foregoing meaning) a landing place on a river or lake; a place on a river •or other navigable water for lading and un­lading goods and for the reception and dis­charge of passengers to and from vessels lying in the contiguous waters, which may be either a wharf or pier or the natural bank. See Coffin v. Portland (C. C.) 27 Fed. 415; St. Paul v. Railroad Co., 63 Minn. 330,
68N. W. 458, 34 L. R. A. 184; Napa v. How-land, 87 Cal. 84, 25 Pac. 247.
—Levee district. A municipal subdivision of a state (which may or may not be a public corporation) organized for the purpose, and charged with the duty, of constructing and maintaining such levees within its territorial limits as are to be built and kept up at public expense and for the general public benefit. See People v. Levee Dist. No. 6, 131 Cal. 30, 63 Pac. 676.
LEVIABLE. That which may be levied. That which is a proper or permissible sub­ject for a levy; as, a "leviable interest" in land. See Bray v. Ragsdale, 53 Mo. 172.
LEVIR. In Roman law. A husband's brother; a wife's brother-in-law. Calvin.
LEVIS. Lat. light; slight; trifling. Levis culpa, slight fault or neglect. Levis-sima culpa, the slightest neglect. Levis no-ta, a slight mark or brand. See Brand v. Schenectady & T. R. Co., 8 Barb. (N. Y.) 378.
LEVITICAL DEGREES. Degrees of kindred within which persons are prohibited to marry. They are set forth in the eight­eenth chapter of Leviticus.
LEVY; v. To raise; execute; exact; col­lect; gather; take up; seize. Thus, to levy (raise or collect) a tax; to levy (raise or set up) a nuisance; to levy (acknowledge) a fine; to levy (inaugurate) war; to levy an execu­tion, ?. e*, to levy or collect a sum of money on an execution.
In reference to taxation, the word "levy" is \ised in two different senses. In the first place, and more properly, it means to lay or impose a tax. This is a legislative function, and includes a determination that a tax shall
be imposed, and also the ascertainment of the amount necessary or desirable to be raised, the amount or rate to be imposed, and the subjects or persons to contribute to the tax. The ob­ligation resulting from a "levy" in this sense falls upon the collective body of taxpayers or the community, not (as yet) upon individuals. But in another sense, it means the imposition of the tax directly upon the person or property involved (probably by analogy to the "levy" of an execution or other writ), and includes the assessment of persons or property, the entering of their several dues on the tax books, and the entire process of collecting the taxes. See State v. Lakeside Land Co., 71 Minn. 283, 73 N. W. 970; Morton v. Comptroller General, 4 Rich. (S. C.) 430; Emeric v. Alvarado, 64 Cal. 529, 2 Pac. 418; Moore v. Foote, 32 Miss. 479; Valle v. Fargo, 1 Mo. App. 347; Perry County v. Railroad Co., 58 Ala. 559; Rhoads v. Given, 5 Houst. (Del.) 186; U. S. v. Port of Mobile (C. C.) 12 Fed. 770.
LEVY, n. In practice. A seizure; the raising of the money for which an execution has been issued.
—Equitable levy. The lien in equity created by the filing of a creditors' bill to subject real property of the debtor, and of a lis pendens, is sometimes so called. Miller r. Sherry, 2 Wall. 249, 17 L. Ed. 827; Mandeville v. Campbell, 45 App. Div. 512, 61 N. Y. Supp. 443; George v. Railroad Co. (C. C.) 44 Fed. 120.
LEVY COURT. A court formerly ex­isting in the District of Columbia. It was a body charged with the administration of the ministerial and financial duties of Washing­ton county. It was charged with the duty of laying out and repairing roads, building bridges, providing poor-houses, laying and collecting the taxes necessary to enable it to discharge these and other duties, and to pay the other expenses of the county. It had capacity to make contracts in reference to any of these matters, and to raise money to meet such contracts. It had perpetual suc­cession, and its functions were those which, in the several states, are performed by "county commissioners," "overseers of the poor," "county supervisors," and similar bod­ies with other designations. Levy Court v. Coroner, 2 Wall. 507, 17 L. Ed. 851.
In Delaware, the "levy court" is an ad­ministrative board elected and organized in each county, composed of from five to thir­teen "commissioners," who, in respect to taxation, perform the functions of a board of equalization and review and also of a board to supervise the assessors and col­lectors and audit and adjust their accounts, and who also have certain powers and spe­cial duties in respect to the administration of the poor laws, the system of public roads and the officers in charge of them, the care of insane paupers and convicts, the govern­ment and administration of jails, school dis­tricts, and various other matters of local concern. See Rev. St. Del. 1893, c. 8; Mealey v. Buckingham, 6 Del. Ch. 356, 22 Atl. 357.
LEVYING WAR. In criminal law. The assembling of a body of men for the purpose of effecting by force a* treasonable object;

LEWDNESS 't
and all who perform any part, however mi­nute, or however remote from the scene of action, and who are leagued in the general conspiracy, are considered as engaged in levy­ing war, within the meaning of the constitu­tion. Const, art. 3, § 3; Ex parte Bollman, 4 Cranch, 75, 2 L. Ed. 554.
LEWDNESS. Licentiousness; an of­fense against the public economy, when of an an open and notorious character; as by fre­quenting houses of ill fame, which is an in­dictable offense, or by some grossly scandal­ous and public indecency, for which the pun­ishment at common law is fine and imprison­ment. Wharton. See Brooks v. State, 2 Yerg. (Tenn.) 483; U. S. v. Males (D. C.) 51 Fed. 42; Comm. v. Wardell, 128 Mass. 54, 35 Am. Rep. 357; State v. Bauguess, 106 Iowa, 107, 76 N. W. 508.
—Open lewdness. Lewd or lascivious behav­ior practised without disguise, secrecy, or con­cealment. The adjective relates to the quality of the act, not to the place nor to the number of spectators. State v. Juneau, 88 Wis. 180, 59 N. W. 580, 24 L. R. A. 857, 43 Am. St. Rep. 877; State v. Millard, 18 Vt. 574, 46 Am. Dec. 170; Comm. v. Wardell, 128 Mass. 52, 35 Am. Rep. 357.
LEX. Lat. In the Roman law. Law; a law; the law. This term was often used as the synonym of jus, in the sense of a rule of civil conduct authoritatively prescribed for the government of the actions of the mem­bers of an organized jural society.
In a more limited and particular sense, it was a resolution adopted by the whole Ro­man "populus" (patricians and plebians) in the comiUa, on the motion of a magistrate of senatorial rank, as a consul, a praetor, or a dictator. Such a statute frequently took the name of the proposer; as the lex Falcidia, lex Cornelia, etc.
—Lex JBbntia. A statute which introduced and authorized new and more simple methods of instituting actions at law.—Lex JElia. Sentia. The iElian Sentian law, respecting wills, pro­posed by the consuls ^Elius and Sentius, and passed A. U. C. 756, restraining a master from manumitting his slaves in certain cases. Calvin. —Lex iEmilia. A law which reduced the of­ficial term of the censors at Rome from five years to a year and a half, and provided for the discharge of their peculiar functions by the con­suls in the interim until the time for a new census. Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 29.—Lex agra-ria. The agrarian law. A law proposed by Tiberius Gracchus, A. U. C. 620, that no one should possess more than five hundred acres of land; and that three commissioners should be appointed to divide among the poorer people what any one had above that extent.—Lex An-astasiana. A law which provided that a third person who purchased a claim or debt for less than its true or nominal value should not be permitted to recover from the debtor more than the price paid with lawful interest. Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 369—Lex Apnleja. A law giv­ing to one of several joint sureties or guaran­tors, who had paid more than his proportion of the debt secured, a right of action for reim­bursement against his co-sureties as if a part­nership existed between them. See Mackeld. Rom/ Law, § 454, note 2.—Lex Aquilia. The Aquilian law; a celebrated law passed on the
LEX
proposition of the tribune C. Aquilius Gallus, A. U. C. 672, regulating the compensation to be made for that kind of damage called "injurious," in the cases of killing or wounding the slave
or beast of another. Inst 4, 3; Calvin Lex
Atilia. The Atilian law; a law of Rome pro­posed by the tribune L. Atilius Regulus, A. U. C. 443, regulating the appointment of guardians. —Lex Atinia. The Atinian law; a law de­claring that the property in things stolen should not be acquired by prescription, (usucapions.) Inst. 2, 6, 2; Adams, Rom. Ant. 207.—Lex Calpurnia. A law relating to the form and prosecution of actions for the recovery of spe­cific chattels other than money. See Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 203.—Lex Cinoia. A law pro­hibiting gifts or donations of property beyond a certain measure, except in the case of near kins­men.—Lex Claudia. A law which abolished the ancient guardianship of adult women by their male agnate relations. See Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 615.—Lex Cornelia. The Cornelian law; a law passed by the dictator L. Cornelius Sylla, providing remedies for certain injuries, as for battery, forcible entry of another's house, etc. Calvin.—Lex Cornelia de falso. The Cornelian law respecting forgery or counterfeit­ing. Passed by the dictator Sylla. Dig. 48, 10; Calvin.—Lex Cornelia de sicariig et veneficis. The Cornelian law respecting as­sassins and poisoners. Passed by the dictator Sylla. Dig. 48, 8; Calvin.—Lex Falcidia. The Falcidian law; a law passed on the motion of the tribune P. Falcidius, A. U. C. 713, for­bidding a testator to give more in legacies than three-fourths of all his estate, or, in other words, requiring him to leave at least one-fourth to the heir. Inst. 2, 22; Heinecc. Elem. lib. 2, tit. 22.—Lex Fnria Caninia. The Furian Caninian' law; a law passed in the consulship of P. Furius Camillus and C. Caninius Gallus, A. U. C. 752, prohibiting masters from manu­mitting by will more than a certain number or proportion of their slaves. This law was abro­gated by Justinian. Inst. 1, 7; Heinecc. Elem. lib. 1, tit. 7.—Lex Genncia. A law which en­tirely forbade the charging or taking of inter­est for the use of money among Roman citizens", but which was usually and easily evaded, as it did not declare an agreement for interest to be a nullity. See Mackeld. Rom. Daw, § 382».— Lex Horatii. An important constitutional statute, taking its name from the consul who secured its enactment, to the effect that all de­crees passed in the meetings of the plebians should be laws for the whole people; formerly they were binding only on the plebians. Mack­eld. Rom. Law, § 32.—Lex hostilia de fur-tis. A Roman law, which provided that a pros­ecution for theft might be carried on without the owner's intervention. 4 Steph. Comm. (7th Ed.) 118.—Lex Julia. Several statutes bore this name, b'eing distinguished by the addition of words descriptive of their subject matter. The "lex Julia de adultertis" related to mar­riage, dower, and kindred subjects. The "lex Julia de cessione bonorum" related to bankrupt­cies.—Lex Julia xnajestatis. The Julian law of majesty; a law promulgated by Julius Caesar, and again published with additions by Augustus, comprehending all the laws before en­acted to punish transgressors against the state. Calvin.—Lex Fapia Poppsea. The Papian Poppffian law; a law proposed by the consuls Papius and Poppaeus at the desire of Augustus, A. U. C. 762, enlarging the Lex Proetoria, (q. v.) Inst. 3, 8, 2—Lex Plsetoria. A law designed for the protection of minors against frauds and allowing them in certain cases to apply for the appointment of a guardian.
In a somewhat wider and more generic sense, a law (whatever its origin) or the ag­gregate of laws, relating to a particular sub­ject-matter, thus corresponding to the mean-

LEX ',
Ing of the word "law" In some modern phrases, such as the "law of evidence," "law <rf wills," etc.
—Lex commissoria. A law by which a debt­or and creditor might agree (where a thing had been pledged to the latter to secure the debt) that, if the debtor did not pay at the day, the pl,edge should become the absolute property of the creditor. 2 Kent. Comm. 583. This was abolished by a law of Constantine. A law ac­cording to which a seller might stipulate that, if the price of the thing sold were not paid with­in a certain time, the sale should be void. Dig. 18, 3.—Lex regia. The royal or imperial law. A law enacted (or supposed or claimed to have been enacted) by the Roman people, constitut­ing the emperor a source of law, conferring the legislative power upon him, and according the force and obligation of law to the expression of his mere will or pleasure. See Inst. 1, 2, 6; Gaius, 1, 5; Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 46; Hein-ecc. Rom. Ant. 1. 1, tit. 2, §§ 62-^67; 1 Kent, Comm. 544, note.—Lex Prsetoria. The prae­torian law. A law by which every freedman who made a will was commanded to leave a moiety to his patron. Inst 3, 8, 1. The term has been applied to the rules that govern in a court of equity. Gilb. Oh. pt 2.
Other specific meanings of the word in Ro­man jurisprudence were as follows: Positive law, as opposed to natural. That system of law which descended from the Twelve Ta­bles, and formed the basis of all the Roman law. The terms of a private covenant; the condition of an obligation. A form of words prescribed to 'be used upon particular occa­sions.
In medieval jurisprudence. A body or collection of various laws peculiar to a given nation or people; not a code in the modern sense, but an aggregation or collection of laws not codified or systematized. See Mack­eld. Rom. Law, § 98. Also a similar collec­tion of laws relating to a general subject, and not peculiar to any one people.
—Lex Alamanupmm. The law of the Ale-manni; first reduced to writing from the cus­toms of the country, by Theodoric, king of the Franks, A. D. 512. Amended and re-enacted by Clotaire II. Spelman —Lex Baiuvariorum, (Baioriorum, or Boiorum.) The law of the Bavarians, a barbarous nation of Europe, first collected (together with the law of the Franks and Alemanni) by Theodoric I., and finally com­pleted and promulgated by Dagobert. Spelman. —Lex barbara. The barbarian law. The laws of those nations that were not subject to the Roman empire were so called. Spelman. —Lex Brehonia. The Brehon or Irish law, overthrown by King John. See Bbehon Law. —Lex Bretoise. The law of the ancient Bri­tons, or Marches of Wales. Cowell.—Lex Bur-gundionum. The law of the Burgundians, a barbarous nation of Europe, first compiled and published by Gundebald, one of the last of their kings, about A. D. 500. Spelman.—Lex Dan-orum. The law of the Danes; Dane-law or Dane-lage. Spelman.—Lex Francorum. The law of the Franks; promulgated by Theodoric I., son of Clovis I., at the same time with the law of the Alemanni and Bavarians. Spelman. This was a different collection from the Salic law.—Lex Frisionum. The law of the Frisi­ans, promulgated about the middle of the eighth century. Spelman.—Lex Gothica. The Goth­ic law, or law of the Goths. First promulgated in writing, A. D. 466. Spelman.—Lex Long-obardorum. The law of the Lombards. The
LEX
name of an ancient code of laws among that people, framed, probably, between the fifth and eighth centuries. It continued in force after the incorporation of Lombardy into the empire of Charlemagne, and traces of its laws and in­stitutions are said to be still discoverable in some parts of Italy.—Lex mercatoria. The law-merchant. That system of laws which is adopted by all commercial nations, and consti­tutes a. part of the law of the land.—Lex Rhodia. The Rhodian law, particularly the fragment of it on the subject of jettison, (de joe-tu,) preserved in the Pandects. Dig. 14, 2, 1; 3 Kent. Comm. 232, 233—Lex Salica. The Salic law, or law of the Salian Franks, a Teu­tonic race who settled in Gaul in the fifth cen­tury. This ancient code, said to have been com­piled about the year 420, embraced the laws and customs of that people, and is of great his­torical value, in connection with the origins of feudalism and similar subjects. Its most cele­brated provision was one which excluded women from the inheritance of landed estates, by an extension of which law females were always ex­cluded from succession to the crown of France. Hence this provision, by itself, is often referred to as the "Salic Law."—Lex talionis. The law of retaliation; which requires the infliction uppn a wrongdoer of the same injury which he has caused to another. Expressed in the Mosaic law by the formula, "an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth," etc. In modern international law, the term describes the rule by which one state may inflict upon the citizens of another state death, imprisonment, or other hardship, in re­taliation for similar injuries imposed upon its own citizens.—Lex Wallensica. The Welsh law; the law of Wales. Blount.—Lex Wisigo-thornm. The law of the Visigoths, or Western Goths who settled in Spain; first reduced to writing A. D. 466. A revision of these laws was made by Egigas. Spelman.
In old English, law. A body or collection of laws, and particularly the Roman or civil law. Also a form or mode of trial or process of law, as the ordeal or battel, or the oath of a party with compurgators, as in the phrases legem facere, legem vadiare, etc. Also used in the sense of legal rights or civil rights or the protection of the law, as in the phrase legem amittere.
—Lex Anglise. The law of England. The common law. Or, the curtesy of England.—Lex amissa. One who is an infamous, perjured, or outlawed person. Bract, lib. 4, c. 19.—Lex apostata. A thing contrary to law. Jacob. —Lex apparens. In old English and Norman law. Apparent or manifest law. A term used to denote the trial by battel or duel, and the trial by ordeal, "lex" having the sense of pro­cess of law. Called "apparent" because the plaintiff was obliged to make his right clear by the testimony of witnesses, before he could ob­tain an order from the court to summon the de­fendant. Spelman.—Lex comitatus. The law of the county, or that administered in the coun­ty court before the earl or his deputy. Spelman. —Lex communis. The common law. See Jus Commune.—Lex dairaisnia. The proof of a thing which one denies to be done by him, where another affirms it; defeating the assertion of his adversary, and showing it be against reason or probability. This was used among the old Romans, as well as the Normans. Cowell.—Lex et consuetudo parliament!. The law and custom (or usage) of parliament. The houses of parliament constitute a court not only of leg­islation, but also of justice, and have their own rules, by which the court itself and the suitors therein are governed. May, Pari. Pr. (6th Ed.) 38-61.—Lex et consuetudo regni. The law and custom of the realm. One of the names of

LEX
the common law. Hale, Com. Law, 52.—Lex imperatoria. The Imperial or Roman law. Quoted under this name, by Fleta, lib. 1, c. 38, $ 15; Id. lib. 3, c. 10, § a—Lex judicialis. An ordeal —Lex manif esta. Manifest or open law; the trial by duel or ordeal. The same with lex apparens, (q. v.) In King John's char­ter (chapter 38) and the articles of that charter (chapter 28) the word "mamfestam" is omitted. —Lex non scripta. The unwritten or com­mon law, which includes general and particular customs, and particular local laws.—Lex sae-ramentalis. Purgation by oath.—Lex scrip­ta. Written law; law deriving its force, not from usage, but from express legislative enact­ment; statute law. 1 Bl. Comm. 62, 85.—Lex terrse. The law of the land. The common law, or the due course of the common law; the general law of the land. Bract fol. 176. Equiv­alent to "due process of law." In the strictest sense, trial by oath; the privilege of making oath^ Bracton uses the phrase to denote a free­man's privilege of being sworn in court as a juror or witness, which jurors convicted of per­jury forfeited, (legem terra amittant.) Bract fol. 2926.
In modern American and English ju­risprudence. A system or body of laws, written or unwritten, or so much thereof as may be applicable to a particular case or question, considered as being local or pe­culiar to a given state, country, or jurisdic­tion, or as being different from the laws or rules relating to the same subject-matter which prevail In some other place.
—Lex domicilii. The law of the domicile. 2 Kent, Comm. 112, 433.—Lex fori. The law of the forum, or court: that is, the positive law of the state, country, or jurisdiction of whose judicial system the court where the suit is brought or remedy sought is an integral part. "Remedies upon contracts and their incidents are regulated and pursued according to the law of the place where the action is instituted, and the lex loci has no application." 2 Kent, Comm. 462. "The remedies are to be governed by the laws of the country where the suit is brought; or, as it is compendiously expressed, by the lex fori." Bank of United States v. Don-nally, 8 Pet. 361, 372, 8 L. Ed. 974. "So far as the law affects the remedy, the lev fori, the law of the place where that remedy is sought, must govern. But, so far as the law of the construc­tion, the legal operation and effect, of the con­tract, is concerned, it is governed by the law of the place where the contract is made." Warren v. Copelin. 4 Mete. (Mass.) 594, 597. See Lex Loci Contractus.—Lex loci. The law of the place. This may be of the following several descriptions: Lex loci contractus, the law of the place where the contract was made or to be per­formed ; lex loci actus, the law of the place where the act was done; letx loci rei sttce, the law of the place where the subject-matter is situated; lex loci domicilii, the law of the place of domicile.—Lex loci contractus. The law of the place of the contract The local law which governs as to the nature, construction, and validity of a contract. See Pritchard v. Norton, 106 U. S. 124, 1 Sup. Ct 102, 27 L. Ed. 104; Gibson v. Connecticut F. Ins. Co. (C. C.) 77 Fed. 565.—Lex loci delictus. The law of the place where the crime took place.—Lex loci rei sitae. The law of the place where a thing is situated. "It is equally settled in the law of all civilized countries that real proper­ty, as to its tenure, mode of enjoyment, trans­fer, and descent, is to be regulated by the lex loci r°t sitw." 2 Kent, Comm. 429.—Lex loci solutionis. The law of the place of solution; the law of the place where payment or perform-
7 LEX EST DICTAMEN RATIONIS
ance of a contract is to be made.—Lex ordi­nandi. The same as lex fori, (q. v.)—Lex rei sitae. The law of the place of situation of the thing.—Lex situs. Modern law Latin for "the law of the place where property is situated." The general rule is that lands and other im­movables are governed by the lex situs; i. e., by the law of the country in which they are sit­uated. Westl. Priv. Int. Law, 62.
Lex sequitate gaudet. Law delights In equity. Jenk. Cent p. 36, case 69.
Lex aliquando sequitur eequitatem.
Law sometimes follows equity. 3 Wils. 119.
Lex Anglise est lex misericordise. 2
Inst. 315. The law of England Is a law of mercy.
Lex Anglise non patitur absurdum. 9
Coke, 22a. The law of England does not suffer an absurdity.
Lex Anglise nunquam matris sed sem­per patris conditionem imitari partum judicat. Co. Litt. 123. The law of England rules that the offspring shall always follow the condition of the father, never that of the mother.
Lex Anglise nunquam sine parliamento mutari potest. 2 Inst. 218. The law of England cannot be changed but 'by parlia­ment.
Lex beneficialis rei consimili remedium praestat. 2 Inst. 689. A beneficial law af­fords a remedy for a similar case.
Lex citius tolerare vult privatum dam­num quam publicum malum. The law will more readily tolerate a private loss than a public evil. Co. Litt. 152.
Lex contra id quod prsesumit, proba-tionem non recipit. The law admits no proof against that which it presumes. Lofft, 573.
Lex de f uturo, judex de prseterito. The
law provides for the. future, the judge for the past.
Lex deficere non potest in justitia ex-hibenda. Co. Litt. 197. The law cannot be defective in dispensing justice.
Lex dilationes semper exhorret. 2
Inst 240. The law always abhors delays.
Lex est ab aeterno. Law is from ever­lasting. A strong expression to denote the remote antiquity of the law. Jenk. Cent. p. 34, case 66.
Lex est dictamen rationis. Law is the
dictate of reason. Jenk. Cent p. 117, case 33. The common law will judge according to the law of nature and the public good.

LEX EST NORMA RECTI 718 LEX RESPICIT -EQUITATEM
Lex est norma recti. Law is a rule Of right. Branch, Princ.
Lex est ratio smama, quae jubet quae sunt utilia et necessaria, et contraria probibet. Law is the perfection of reason, which commands what is useful and neces­sary, and forbids the contrary. Co. Litt 3196; Id. 976.
Lex est sanctio sancta, jubens bonesta, et probibens contraria. Law is a sacred sanction, commanding what is right, and pro­hibiting the contrary. 2 Inst 587.
Lex est tutissima cassis; sub clypeo legis nemo decipitur. Law is the safest helmet; under the shield of the law no one is deceived. 2 Inst. 56.
Lex favet doti. Jenk. Cent 50. The law favors dower.
Lex fingit ubi subsistit sequitas. 11
Coke, 90. The law makes use of a fiction where equity subsists.
Lex intendit vicinum vicini facta scire.
The law intends [or presumes] that one neighbor knows what another neighbor does. Co. Litt 786.
Lex judicat de rebus necessario fad-endis quasi re ipsa factis. The law judges of things which must necessarily be done as if actually done. Branch, Princ.
Lex necessitatis est lex temporis; i. e., instantis. The law of necessity is the law of the time; that is, of the instant, or pres­ent moment Hob. 159.
Lex neminem cogit ad Tana seu in-utilia peragenda. The law compels no one to do vain or useless things. Co. Litt 1976; Broom, Max. 252; 5 Coke, 21a.
Lex neminem cogit ostendere quod nescire prsesumitur. Lofft, 569. The law compels no one to show that which he is pre­sumed not to know.
Lex nemini facit injuriam. The law
does injury to no one. Branch, Princ.
Lex nemini operatur iniquum. The
law works injustice to no one. Jenk. Cent p. 18, case 33.
Lex nil facit frustra. The law does nothing in vain. Jenk. Cent p. 12, case 19; Broom, Max. 252; 1 Ventr. 417.
Lex nil frustra jubet. The law com-. mands nothing vainly. 3 Bulst 280.
Lex non a rege est violanda. Jenk. Cent 7. The law is not to be violated by the king.
Lex non cogit ad impossibilia. The law
does not compel the doing of impossibilities. Broom, Max. 242; Hob. 96.
Lex non curat de minimis. Hob. 8& The law cares not about trifles.
Lex non deficit in justitia exhibenda.
The law does not fail in sBowing justice. Jenk. Cent p. 31, case 61.
Lex non exacte definit, sed arbitrio boni viri permittit. The law does not de­fine exactly, but trusts in the judgment of a good man. Bissell v. Briggs, 9 Mass. 475, 6 Am. Dec. 88
Lex non favet delicatorum votis. The
law favors not the wishes of the dainty. Broom, Max. 379; 9 Coke, 58.
Lex non intendit aliquid impossibile.
The law does not intend anything impossi­ble. 12 Coke, 89a. For otherwise the law should not be of any effect.
Lex non patitur fractiones et divisi-ones statuum. The law does not suffer fractions and divisions of estates. Branch, Princ.; 1 Coke, 87a.
Lex non prsecipit inutilia, quia inu-tilis labor stultus. Co. Litt. 197. The law commands not useless things, because use­less labor is foolish.
Lex non requirit veriflcari quod ap-paret curiae. The law does not require that to be verified {or proved] which is apparent to the court 9 Coke, 546.
Lex plus laudatur quando ratione pro-batur. The law is the more praised when it is approved by reason. Broom, Max. 159.
Lex posterior derogat priori. A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one. But the later statute must either expressly repeal, or be manifestly repugnant to, the earlier one. Broom, Max. 29; Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 7.
Lex prospicit, non respicit. Jenk. Cent 284. The law looks forward, not backward.
Lex punit mendacium. The law punish­es falsehood. Jenk. Cent p. 15, case 26.
Lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, in-congrua. Jenk. Cent. 133. The law rejects superfluous, contradictory, and incongruous things.
Lex reprobat moram. Jenk. Cent 35, The law dislikes delay.
Lex respicit aequitatem. Co. Litt 246. The law pays regard to equity.

LEX SCRIPTA 81 OESSET 719
LIBEL

Lex scripta si cesset, id custodiri •portet quod moribus et consuetudine inductum est; et, si qua in re hoc de-fecerit, tune id quod prozimnm et con* •equens ei est; et, si id non appareat, tune jus quo urbs Romana utitur servari oportet. 7 Coke, 19. If the written law be silent, that which is drawn from man­ners and custom ought to be observed; and, if that is in any manner defective, then that which is next and analogous to it; and, if that does not appear, then the law which Rome uses should be followed. This maxim of Lord Coke is so far followed at the present day that, in cases where there is no precedent of the English courts,,the civil law is always ' heard with respect, and often, though not necessarily, followed. Wharton.
Lex semper dabit remedium. The law will always give a remedy. Branch, Princ.; Broom, Max. 192.
lies semper intendit quod eonvenit ra­tion!. Co. Litt. 786. The law always in­tends what is agreeable to reason.
Lex spectat naturae ordinem. The law
regards the order of nature. Co. Litt 197 &.
Lex sueeurrit ignorant!. Jenk. Cent. 15. The law assists the ignorant.
Lex sueeurrit minoribus. The law aids minors. Jenk. Cent. p. 51, case 97.
Lex uno ore omnei alloquitur. The law
addresses all with one [the same] mouth or voice. 2 Inst. 184.
Lex vigilantibus, non dormientibus, subvenit. Law assists the wakeful, not the sleeping. 1 Story, Cont § 529.
LET. L. Fr. Law; the law.
—Ley civile. In old English law. The civil or Roman law. Yearb. H. 8 Edw. III. 42. Otherwise termed "ley escrtpte," the written law. Yearb. 10 Edw. III. 24.—Ley gager. Law wager; wager of law; the giving of gage or security by a defendant that he would make or perfect his law at a certain day. Litt. § 514; Co. Litt. 2946, 295a.
LET. Sp. In Spanish law. A law; the law; law in the abstract
—Leyes de Estilo. In Spanish law. A col­lection of laws usually published as an appen­dix to the Fuero Real; treating of the mode of conducting suits, prosecuting them to judg­ment, and entering appeals. Schm. Civil Law, Introd. 74.
LEZE-MAJESTT. An offense against sovereign power; treason; rebellion.
LIABILITT. The state of being bound or obliged in law or justice to do, pay, or make good something; legal responsibility. Wood v. Currey, 57 Cal. 209; McMfresh v.
Kirkendall, 36 Iowa, 225; Benge v. Bowling, 106 Ky. 575, 51 S. W. 151; Joslin v. New Jersey Car-Spring. Co., 36 N. J. Law, 145.
LIABLE. 1. Bound or obliged in law or equity; responsible; chargeable; answerable; compellable to make satisfaction, compensa­tion, or restitution.
2. Exposed or subject to a given contin­gency, risk, or casualty, which is more or less probable.
—Limited liability. The liability of the mem­bers of a joint-stock company may be either unlimited or limited; and, if the latter, then the limitation of liability is either the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares, (in which case the limit is said to be "by shares,") or such an amount as the members guaranty in the event of the company being wound up, (in which case the limit is said to be "by guaranty.") Brown.—Personal liability. The liability of the stockholders in corporations, under certain statutes, by which they may be held individu­ally responsible for the debts of the corporation, either to the extent of the par value of their respective holdings of stock, or to twice that amount, or without limit, or otherwise, as the particular statute directs.
LIABD. An old French coin, of silver or copper, formerly current to a limited extent in England, and there computed as equiva­lent to a farthing.
LIBEL, v. In admiralty practice. To pro­ceed against, by filing a libel; to seize under admiralty process, at the commencement of a suit. Also to defame or injure a person's reputation by a published writing.
LIBEL, n. In practice. The initiatory pleading on the part of the plaintiff or com­plainant in an admiralty or ecclesiastical cause, corresponding to the declaration, bill, or complaint.
In the Scotch law it is the form of the complaint or ground of the charge on which either a civil action or criminal prosecution takes place. Bell.
In torts. That which is written or print­ed, and published, calculated to injure the character of another by bringing him into ridicule, hatred, or contempt Palmer v. Con­cord, 48 N. H. 211, 97 Am. Dec. 605; Negley v. Farrow, 60 Md. 175, 45 Am. Rep. 715;. Weston v. Weston, 83 App. Div. 520, 82 N. Y. Supp. 351; Collins v. Dispatch Pub. Co., 152 Pa. 187, 25 Atl. 546, 34 Am. St. Rep. 636; Hartford v. State, 96 Ind. 463, 49 Am. Rep. 185.
Libel is a false and unprivileged publica­tion by writing, printing, picture, effigy, or other fixed representation to the eye which exposes any person to hatred, contempt ridi­cule, or obloquy, or which causes him to be shunned or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure him in his occupation. Civ. Code Cal. § 45.
A libel is a false and malicious defamation of another, expressed in print or writing or pictures or signs, tending to injure the repu- j

LIBEL
720
LIBER

tation of an individual, and exposing him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. The publication of the libelous matter is essential to recovery. Code Ga. 1882, § 2974.
A libel is a malicious defamation, expressed either by writing, printing, or by signs or pictures, or the like, tending to blacken the memory of one who is dead, or to impeach the honesty, integrity, virtue, or reputation, or publish the natural or alleged defects, of one who is alive, and thereby to expose him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Pen. Code Cal. § 248; Rev. Code Iowa 1880, § 4097; Bac. Abr. tit. "Libel;" 1 Hawk. P. C. 1, 73, § 1; Com. v. Clap, 4 Mass. 168, 3 Am. Dec. 212; Clark v. Binney, 2 Pick. (Mass) 115; Ryckman v. Delavan, 25 Wend. (N. Y.) 198; Root v. King, 7 Cow. (N. Y.) 620.
A libel is a censorious or ridiculing writing, picture, or sign made with a mischievous in­tent. State v. Farley, 4 McCord (S. C), 317; People v. Croswell, 3 Johns. Cas. (N. Y.) 354; Steele v. Southwick, 9 Johns. (N. Y.) 215; McCorkle v. Bmns, 5 Bin. (Pa.) 348; 6 Am. Dec. 420.
Any publication the tendency of which is to degrade or injure another person, or to bring him into contempt, ridicule, or hatred, or which accuses him of a crime punishable by law, or of an act odious and disgraceful in society, is a libel. Dexter v. Spear, 4 Mason, 115, Fed. Cas. No. 3,867; White v. Nicholls, 3 How. 291, 11 L. Ed. 591.
A libel is a publication, without justification or lawful excuse, of words calculated to in­jure the reputation of another, and expose him to hatred or contempt. Whitney v. Janesville Gazette, 5 Biss. 330, Fed. Cas. No. 17,590.
Everything, written or printed, which re­flects on the character of another, and is pub­lished without lawful justification or excuse, is a libel, whatever the intention may have been. O'Brien v. Clement, 15 Mees. & W. 435.
—Criminal libel. A libel which is punish­able criminally; one which tends to excite a breach of the peace. Moody v. State, 94 Ala. 42, 10 South. 670; State v. Shaffner, 2 Pen-newill (Del.) 171, 44 Atl. 620; People v. Stokes, 30 Abb. N. C. 200, 24 N. Y. Supp. 727.—Libel of accusation. In Scotch law. The instrument which contains the charge against a person accused of a crime. Libels are of two kinds, namely ^ indictments and crim­inal letters.—Seditions libel. In English law. A written or printed document containing sedi­tious matter or published with a seditious in­tention, the latter term being defined as "an in­tention to bring into hatred or contempt, or 'to excite disaffection against, the king or the government and constitution as by law estab­lished, or either house of parliament, or the administration of justice, or to excite British subjects to attempt otherwise than by lawful means the alteration of any matter in church or state by law established, or to promote feel­ings of ill will and hostility between different classes." Dicey, Const. (4th Ed ) 231, 232. See Black, Const. Law (3d Ed.) p. 654.
LIBELANT. The complainant or party who files a libel in an ecclesiastical or admi­ralty case, corresponding to the plaintiff in lctions at law.
LIBELEE. A party against whom a libel has been filed in an ecclesiastical court or in admiralty.
LIBELLUS. Lat In the civil law. A
little book. Libellus supplex, a petition, es­pecially to the emperor, all petitions to whom must be in writing. Libellum rescribere, to mark on such petition the answer to if, Li­bellum agere, to assist or counsel the emper­or in regard to such petitions. lAbellus oo-cusatorius, an information and accusation of a crime. lAbellus divortii, a writing of di­vorcement Libellus rerum, an inventory. Calvin. Libellus or oratio consultoria, a mes­sage by which emperors laid matters before the senate. Id.
A writing in which are contained the names of the plaintiff (actor) and defendant, {reus,) the thing sought, the right relied upon, and name of the tribunal before which the action is brought. Calvin.
In feudal law. An instrument of alien­ation or conveyance, as of a fief, or a part of it.
—Libellus conventionis. In the civil law. The statement of a plaintiffs claim in a peti­tion presented to the magistrate, who directed an officer to deliver it to tke defendant.—Li­bellus famosus. In the civil law. A defam­atory publication; a publication injuriously affecting character; a libel. Inst. 4, 4, 1; Dig. 47. 10; Cod.' 9, 36.
LIBELOUS. Defamatory; of the nature of a libel; constituting or involving libel.
—Libelous per se. A defamatory publica­tion is libelous per se when the words are of such a character that an action may be brought upon them without the necessity of showing any special damage, the imputation being such that the law will presume that any one so slandered must have suffered damage. See Mayrant v. Richardson, 1 Nott & McO. (S. C.) 349, 9 Am Dec. 707; Woolworth v. Star Co., 97 App. Div. 525, 90 N. Y. Supp. 147; Morse v. Times-Republican Printing Co., 124 Iowa, 707, 100 N. W. 867.
LIBER, n. Lat A book, of whatever material composed; a main division of a lit­erary work.
—Liber assisarum. The Book of Assizes. A collection of cases that arose on assizes and other trials in the country. It was the fourth volume of the reports of the reign of Edward III. 3 Reeve, Ehg. Law, 148.—Liber f eudor-um. The book of feuds. This was a compila­tion of feudal law, prepared by order of the emperor Frederick I., and published at Milan in 1170. It comprised five books, of which only the first two are now extant with fragmen­tary portions of the others.—Liber judicialis of Alfred. Alfred's dome-book. See Domes­day.—Liber judiciarum. The book of judg­ment, or doom-book. The Saxon Domboc. Conjectured to be a book of statutes of an­cient Saxon kings —Liber niger. Black book. A name given to several ancient records.—Li­ber niger domus regis, (the black book of the king's household.) The title of a book in which there is an account of the household es­tablishment of Bang Edward IV., and of the several musicians retained in his service, as well for his1 private amusement as for the serv­ice in his chapel. Enc. Lond.—Liber niger scaccarii. The black book of the exchequer, attributed to Gervase of Tilbury. 1 Reeve, Eng-Law, 220, note.—Liber ruber scaccarii. The red book of the exchequer. 1 Reeve, Eng. Law. 220, note.

LIBER
721 LIBERTATIBUS ALLOCANDIS

LIBER, adj. Lat Free; open and ac­cessible, as applied to courts, places, etc.; of the state or condition of a freeman, as applied to persons.
—Liber bancus. In old English law. Free bench. Bract, fol. 976.—Liber et legalis homo. In old English law. A free and law­ful man. A term applied to a juror, from the earliest period.—Liber homo. A free man; a freeman lawfully competent to act as juror. Ld. Raym. 417; Kebl. 563. An allodial pro­prietor, as distinguished from a vassal or feuda­tory. This was the sense of the term in the laws of the barbarous nations of Europe.
LIBERA. A livery or delivery of so much corn or grass to a customary tenant, who cut down or prepared the said grass or corn, and received some part or small portion of it as a reward or gratuity. Cowell.
LIBERA. Lat (Feminine of liber, adj.) Free; at liberty; exempt; not subject to toll or charge.
—Libera batella. In old records. A free boat; the right of having a boat to fish in a certain water; a species of free fishery.—Li­bera chasea habenda. A judicial writ grant­ed to a person for a free chase belonging to his manor after proof made by inquiry of a jury that the same of right belongs to him. Whar­ton.—Libera eleemosyna. In old English law. Free alms; frankalmoigne. Bract, fol. 276.—Libera falda. In old English law. Frank fold; free fold; free foldage. 1 Leon. 11.—Libera lex. In old English law. Free law; frank law; the law of the land. The law enjoyed by free and lawful men, as distin­guished from such men as have lost the benefit and protection of the law in consequence of crime. Hence this term denoted the status of a man who stood guiltless before the law, and was free, in the sense of being entitled to its full protection and benefit. Amittere liberam legem, (to lose one's free law) was to fall from that status by crime or infamy. See Co. Litt. 946.—Libera piscaria. In old English law. A free fishery. Co. Litt. 122a.—Libera war-rena. In old English law. Free warren, (</. v.)
LIBERAM LEGEM AMITTERE. To
lose one's free law, (called the villainous judgment,) to become discredited or disabled as juror and witness, to forfeit goods and chattels and lands for life, to have those lands wasted, houses razed, trees rooted up, and one's body committed to prison. It was anciently pronounced against conspirators, but is now disused, the punishment substitut­ed being fine and imprisonment. Hawk. P. C. 61, c. lxxii., s. 9; 3 Inst. 221.
LIBERARE. Lat. In the civil law.
To free or set free; to liberate; to give one his liberty. Calvin.
In old English law. To deliver, trans­fer, or hand over. Applied to writs, panels of jurors, etc. Bract fols. 116, 1766.
Liberata pecnnia non liberat offer-entem. Co. Litt. 207. Money being restor­ed does not set free the party offering.
LIBERATE. In old English practice. An original writ issuing out of chancery to Bl.Law Dici.(2d Ed.)—46
the treasurer, chamberlains, and barons of the exchequer, for the payment of any annual pension, or other sum. Reg. Orig. 193; Cow­ell.
A writ issued to a sheriff, for the delivery of any lands or goods taken upon forfeits of recognizance. 4 Coke, 646.
A writ issued to a gaoler, for the delivery of a prisoner that had put in bail for his ap­pearance. Cowell.
LIBERATIO. In old English law.
Livery; money paid for the delivery or use of a thing.
In old Scotch law. Livery; a fee given to a servant or officer. Skene.
Money, meat, drink, clothes, etc., yearly given and delivered by the lord to his do­mestic servants. Blount
LIBERATION. In the civil law. The extinguishment of a contract, by which he who was bound becomes free or liberated. Wolff, Inst. Nat § 749. Synonymous with "payment" Dig. 50, 16, 47.
LIBERI. In Saxon law. Freemen; the possessors of allodial lands. 1 Reeve, Eng. Law, 5.
In the civil law. Children. The term included "grandchildren."
LIBERTAS. Lat. Liberty; freedom; a privilege; a tranchise.
—Libertas ecclesiastica. Church liberty, or ecclesiastical immunity.
Libertas est naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique facere libet, nisi quod de jure aut vi prohibetur. * Co. Litt 116. Liberty is that natural faculty which permits every one to do anything he pleases except that which is restrained by law or force.
Libertas inestimabilis res est. Liberty is an inestimable thing; a thing above price. Dig. 50, 17, 106.
Libertas non recipit sestimationem.
Freedom does not admit of valuation. Bract fol. 14.
Libertas omnibus rebus favorabilior est. Liberty is more favored than all things, [anything.] Dig. 50, 17, 122.
Libertates regales ad coronam spec-tantes ex concessione regum a corona exierunt. 2 Inst. 496. Royal franchises relating to the crown have emanated from the crown by grant of kings.
LIBERTATIBUS ALLOCANDIS. A
writ lying for a citizen or burgess, implead­ed contrary to his liberty, to have his privi­lege allowed. Reg. Orig. 262.

LIBERTATIBUS EXIGENDIS 722
LIBERTY

LIBERTATIBUS EXIGENDIS IN ITT-NEBE. An ancient writ whereby the king commanded the justices in eyre to admit of an attorney for the defense of another's liberty. Reg. Orig. 19.
LIBERTI, LIBERTINI. Lat. In Rom­an law. Freedman. There seems to have been some difference in the use of these two words; the former denoting the manumitted slaves considered in their relations with their former master, who was now called their "patron;" the latter term describing the status of the same persons in the general social economy of Rome.
LIBERTICIDE. A destroyer of liberty.
LIBERTIES. Privileged districts exempt from the sheriff's jurisdiction; as, "gaol liberties" or "jail liberties." See Gaol.
Libertinum ingratum leges civile* in pristinaxn servitutem redigunt; sed le­ges Anglise semel mannmissnni semper liberum judicant. Co. Litt 137. The civil laws reduce an ungrateful freedman to his original slavery; but the laws of England regard a man once manumitted as ever after free.
LIBERTY. 1. Freedom ; exemption from extraneous control. The power of the will, in its moral freedom, to follow the dictates of its unrestricted choice, and to direct the external acts of the individual without re­straint, coercion, or control from other per­sons. See Booth v. Illinois, 184 U. S. 425, 22 Sup. Ct 425, 46 L. Ed. 623; Munn v. Il­linois, 94 U. S. 142, 24 L. Ed. 77; People v. Warden of City Prison, 157 N. Y. 116, 51 N. E. 1006,'43 L. R, A. 264, 68 Am. St. Rep. 763; Bessette v. People, 193 111. 334, 62 N. E. 215, 56 L. R. A. 558; State v. Continental Tobacco Co., 177 Mo. 1, 75 S. W. 737; Kuhn v. Detroit City Council, 70 Mich. 534, 38 N. W. 470; People v. Judson, 11 Daly (N. Y.) 1.
"Liberty," as used in the provision of the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitu­tion, forbidding the states to deprive any per­son of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, includes, it seems, not merely the right of a person to be free from physical restraint, but to be free in the enjoyment of all his faculties in all lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling; to pursue any livelihood or avocation; and for that purpose to enter into all contracts which may be proper, necessary, and essential to carrying out the purposes above mentioned. Allgeyer v. State of Louisi­ana, 17 Sup. Ct. 427. 165 U. S. 578. 41 L. Ed. 832.
2.The word also means a franchise or personal privilege, being some part of the sovereign power, vested in an individual, either by grant or prescription.
3.In a derivative sense, the term denotes the place, district, or boundaries within which a special franchise is enjoyed, an im­munity claimed, or a jurisdiction exercised.
In this sense, the term is commonly used In the plural; as the "liberties of the city," "the northern liberties of Philadelphia."
—Civil liberty. The liberty of a member oi society, being a man's natural liberty, so far restrained by human laws (and no further) as is necessary and expedient for the general ad­vantage of the public. 1 Bl. Comm. 125; 8 Steph. 487. The power of doing whatever the laws permit 1 Bl. Comm. 6; Inst. 1, 3, 1. See People v. Berberrich, 20 Barb. (N. Y.) 231; In re Ferrier, 103 111. 372, 43 Am. Rep. 10; Dennis v. Moses, 18 Wash. 537, 52 Pac. 333, 40 L. R, A. 302; State v. Kreutzberg, 114 Wis. 530, 90 N. W. 1098, 58 L. R. A. 748, 91 Am. St Rep. 934; Hayes v. Mitchell, 69 Ala. 454; Bell v. Gaynor, 14 Misc. Rep. 334, 36 N. Y. Supp. 122. The greatest amount of absolute liberty which can, in the nature of things, be equally possess­ed by every citizen in a state. Bouvier. Guar­antied protection against interference with the interests and rights held dear and important by large classes of civilized men, or by all the members of a state, together with an effectual share in the making and administration of the laws, as the best apparatus to secure that pro­tection. Lieber, Civ. Lib. 24.—Liberty of a port. In marine insurance. A license or per­mission incorporated in a marine policy allow­ing the vessel to touch and trade at a designated port other than the principal port of destina­tion. See Allegre v. Maryland Ins. Co., 8 Gill & J. (Md.) 200, 29 Am. Dec. 536.—Liberty of conscience. Religious liberty, as defined be­low.—Liberty of speecb. Freedom accord­ed by the constitution or laws of a state to express opinions and facts by word of mouth, uncontrolled by any censorship or restrictions of government.—Liberty of tbe globe. In marine insurance. A license or permission in­corporated in a marine policy authorizing the vessel to go to any part of the world, instead of being confined to a particular port of des­tination. See Eyre v. Marine Ins. Co., 6 Whart. (Pa.) 254.—Liberty of the press. The right to print and publish the truth, from good motives and for justifiable ends. People v. Croswell, 3 Johns. Cas. 394. The right free­ly to publish whatever the citizen may please, and to be protected against any responsibility for so doing except so far as such publications, from their blasphemy, obscenity, or scandalous character, may be a public offense, or as by their falsehood and malice they may injuriously affect the standing, reputation, or pecuniary in­terests of individuals. Cooley, Const. Lim. p. 422. It is said to consist in this: "That nei­ther courts of justice, nor any judges whatever, are authorized to take notice of writings in­tended for the press, but are confined to those which are actually printed" De Lolme, Eng. Const. 254.—Liberty of tbe rules. A priv­ilege to go out of the Fleet and Marshalsea prisons within certain limits, and there reside. Abolished by 5 & 6 Vict c. 22.—Liberty to bold pleas. The liberty of having a court of one's own. Thus certain lords had the privi­lege of holding pleas within their own manors. —Natural liberty. The power of acting as one thinks fit, without any restraint or con­trol, unless by the law of nature. 1 Bl. Comm. 125. The right which nature gives to all man­kind of disposing of their persons and property after the manner they judge most consistent with their happiness, on condition of their acting within the limits of the law of nature, and so as not to interfere with an equal ex­ercise of the same rights by other men. Bur-lamaqui, c. 3, § 15; 1 Bl. Comm. 125.—Per­sonal liberty. The right or power of locomo­tion ; of changing situation, or moving one's person to whatsoever place one's own inclina­tion may direct, without imprisonment or re­straint, unless by due course of law. 1 Bl. Comm. 134. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 8, 3 Sup. Ct 42, 27 L. Ed. 835; Pinkerton v.

LIBERTY
723
LICENSE

Verberg, 78 Mich. 573, 44 N. W. 579, 7LR A. 507, 18 Am. St. Rep. 473.—Political lib­erty. Liberty of the citizen to participate in the operations of government, and particularly in the making and administration of the laws. —Religions liberty. Freedom from dicta­tion, constraint, or control in matters affecting the -conscience, religious beliefs, and the prac­tice of religion; freedom to entertain and ex­press any or no system of religious opinions, anfl to engage in or refrain from any form of religious observance or public or private re­ligious worship, not inconsistent with the peace and good order of society and the general wel­fare. See Frazee's Case, 63 Mich. 396, 30 N. W. 72, 6 Am. St. Rep. 310; State v. White, 64 N. H. 48. 5 Atl. 828.
Libernm corpus nullam recipit sesti-mationem. Dig. 9, 3, 7. The body of a freeman does not admit of valuation.
Liberum est caique apud se explorare an expediat sibi consilium. Every one is free to ascertain for himself whether a rec­ommendation is advantageous to his inter­ests. Upton v. Vail, 6 Johns. (N. Y.) 181, 184, 5 Am. Dec. 210.
LIBERUM MARITAGIUM. In old
English law. Frank-marriage. Bract, fol. 21.
LIBERUM SERVITIUM. Free service. Service of a warlike sort by a feudatory tenant; sometimes called "servitium liberum armorum." Jacob.
Service not unbecoming the character of a freeman and a soldier to perform; as to serve under the lord in his wars, to pay a sum of money, and the like. 2 Bl. Comm. 60.
LIBERUM SOCAGIUM. In old English law. Free socage. Bract, fol. 207; 2 Bl. Comm. 61, 62.
LIBERUM TENEMENTUM. In real law. Freehold. Frank-tenement.
In pleading. A plea of freehold. A plea by the defendant in an action of trespass to real property that the locus in quo is his freehold, or that of a third person, under whom he acted. 1 Tidd, Pr. 645.
LIBLAC. In Saxon law. Witchcraft, particularly that kind which consisted in the compounding and administering of drugs and philters. Sometimes occurring in the Latin­ized form liblacum.
LIBRA. In old English law. A pound; also a sum of money equal to a pound ster­ling.
—Libra arsa. A pound burned; that is, melt­ed, or assayed by melting, to test its purity. Librw aria et pensatce, pounds burned and weighed. A frequent expression in Domesday. to denote the purer coin in which rents were paid. Spelman; Cowell.—Libra nnmerata. A pound of money counted instead of being weighed. Spelman.—Libra pensa. A pound of money by weight. It was usual in former days not only to sell the money, but to weigh it; because many cities, lords, and bishops,
having their mints, coined money, and often very bad money, too, for which reason, though the pound consisted o$ 20 shillings, they weigh­ed it Enc. Lond.
LIBRARITJS. In Roman law. A writ­er or amanuensis; a copyist Dig. 50, 17, 92.
LIBRATA TEBBiE. A portion of ground containing four oxgangs, and every oxgang fourteen acres. Cowell. This is the same with what in Scotland was called "pound-land" of old extent Wharton.
LIBRIPENS. In Roman law. A weigh­er or balance-holder. The person who held a brazen balance in the ceremony of emanci­pation per ws et libram. Inst. 2, 10, 1.
Librornnt appellatione continentnr omnia volumina, sive in charta, sive in membrana sint, sive in qnavis alia ma­teria. Under the name of books are contain­ed all volumes, whether upon paper, or parchment, or any other material. Dig. 32, 52, pr.
LICENCIADO. In Spanish law. An at­torney or advocate; particularly, a person admitted to the degree of "Licentiate in Ju­risprudence" by any of the literary universi­ties of Spain, and who is thereby authorized to practice in all the courts. Escriche.
LICENSE. In the law of contracts.
A permission, accorded by a competent au­thority, conferring the right to do some act which without such authorization would be illegal, or would be a trespass or a tort. State v. Hipp, 38 Ohio St 226; Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich. 406, 20 Am. Rep. 654; Hubman v. State, 61 Ark. 482, 33 S. W. 843; Chicago v. Collins, 175 111. 445, 51 N. E. 907, 49 L. R. A. 408, 67 L. R. A. 224. Also the written evidence of such permission.
In real property law. An authority to do a particular act or series of acts upon an­other's land without possessing any estate therein. Clifford v. O'Neill, 12 App. Div. 17, 42 N. Y. Supp. 607; Davis v. Townsend, 10 Barb. (N. Y.) 343; Morrill v. Mackman, 24 Mich. 282, 9 Am. Rep. 124; Wynn v. Gar­land, 19 Ark. 23, 68 Am. Dec. 190; Cheever v. Pearson, 16 Pick. (Mass.) 266. Also the written evidence of authority so accorded.
It is distinguished from an "easement," which implies an interest in the land to be affected, and a "lease," or right to take the profits of land. It may be, however, and often, is, coupled with a grant of some interest in tie land itself, or right to take the profits. 1 Washb. Real Prop. *398.
In pleading. A plea of justification to an action of trespass that the defendant was authorized by the owner of the freehold to commit the trespass complained of.
In the law of patents. A written au­thority granted by the owner of a patent to

LICENSE
724
LICERE
0 kind of intoxicating liquor under a license
d from the justices of the peace. Wharton.
> LICENSEE. A person to whom a license 5f has been granted.
y In patent law. One who has had trans­
it ferred to him, either in writing or orally, a
less or different interest than either the in-
a terest in the whole patent, or an undivided
g part of such whole interest, or an exclusive
a sectional interest Potter v. Holland, 4
1 Blatchf. 211, Fed. Cas. No. 11,329.
e
i LICENSING ACTS. This expression is
applied by Hallam (Const. Hist c. 13) to ," acts of parliament for the restraint of print-g ing, except by license. It may also be ap-i plied to any act of parliament passed for the purpose of requiring a license for doing any I act whatever. But, generally, when we speak t of the licensing acts, we mean the acts regu­lating the sale of intoxicating liquors. Moz-\ ley & Whitley.
T LICENSOR. The person who gives or
grants a license. p
LICENTIA. Lat License; leave; per-j mission.
• —Licentia concordandi. In old practice and
5 conveyancing. License or leave to agree; one
J of the proceedings on levying a fine of lands.
• 2 Bl. Comm. 350.—Licentia loqnendi. In
old practice. Leave to speak, (t. e., with the
1 plaintiff;) an imparlance; or rather leave to "• imparl. 3 Bl. Comm. 299.—Licentia sur-gendi. In old English practice. License to 1 arise; permission given by the court to a ten-' ant in a real action, who had cast an essoin
• de malo lecti, to arise out of his bed, which he
could not do without such permission, and after
1 being viewed by four knights appointed for the
• purpose. Bract fol. 355.—Licentia trans-
fretandi. A writ or warrant directed to the
[ keeper of the port of Dover, or other seaport, commanding him to let such persons pass over l sea as have obtained the royal license there-[ unto. Reg. Orig. 193.
LICENTIATE. One who has license to practice any art or faculty.
i
LICENTIOUSNESS. The indulgence of the arbitrary will of the individual, with­out regard to ethics or law, or respect for the rights of others. In this it differs from ' "liberty;" for the latter term may properly be used only of ttie exercise of the will in its moral freedom, with justice to all men and obedience to the laws. Welch v. Durand, 36 Conn. 184, 4 Am. Rep. 55; State v. Brigman, 94 N. C. 889.
In a narrower and more technical sense, the word is equivalent to lewdness or lascivi-ousness. Holton v. State, 28-Fla. 303, 9 South. 716.
LICERE. Lat To be lawful; to be al­lowed or permitted by law. Calvin.
LICERE, LICERI. Lat In Roman law. To offer a price for a thing; to bid for it

LICET
725
LIEN

LICET. Lat From the verb "licere," <g. v.) Although; notwithstanding. Import­ing, in this sense, a direct affirmation.
Also, it is allowed, it is permissible.
—Licet ssepius requisitus. (Although often requested.) In pleading. A phrase used in the old Latin forms of declarations, and literally translated in the modern precedents. Yel. 66; 2 Chit. PI. 90; 1 Chit. PL 331. The clause in a declaration which contains the general aver­ment of a request by the plaintiff of the defend­ant to pay the sums claimed is still called the "hcet swpius requisitus."
Licet dispositio de interesse futu.ro sit inutilis, tameu potest fieri declaratio prsecedens quae sortiatur effectum, in-terveniente novo actu. Although the grant of a future interest be inoperative, yet a declaration precedent may be made, which may take effect provided a new act inter­vene. Bac. Max. pp. 60, 61, reg. 14; Broom, Max. 498.
Licita bene miscentur, formula nisi juris obstet. Lawful acts [done by several authorities] are well mingled, [i. e., become united or consolidated into one good act,] unless some form of law forbid. Bac. Max. p. 94, reg. 24.
LICITACION. In Spanish law. The of­fering for sale at public auction of an estate or property held by co-heirs or joint proprie­tors, which cannot be divided up without det-• riment to the whole.
LICITARE. Lat In Roman law. To offer a price at a sale; to bid; to bid often; to make several bids, one above another. Calvin.
LICITATION. In the civil law. An offering for sale to the highest bidder, or to him who will give most for a thing. An act by which co-heirs or other co-proprietors of a thing in common and undivided between them put it to bid between them, to be ad­judged and to belong to the highest and last bidder, upon condition that he pay to each of his co-proprietors a part in the price equal to the undivided part which each of the said co-proprietors had in the estate Itcited, before the adjudication. Poth. Cont. Sale, nn. 516, 638.
LICITATOR. In Roman law. A bidder at a sale.
LICKING OF THUMBS. An ancient formality by which bargains were completed.
LIDFORD LAW. A sort of lynch law, whereby a person was first punished and then tried. Wharton.
LIE. To subsist; to exist; to be sus­tainable; to be proper or available. Thus .the phrase "an action will not lie" means
that an action cannot be sustained, or that there is no ground upon which to found the action.
—Lie in franchise. Property is said to "lie in franchise" when it is of such a nature that the persons entitled thereto may seize it without the aid of a court; e. g., wrecks, waifs, estrays. —Lie in grant. Incorporeal hereditaments are said to "lie in grant;" that is, they pass by force of the grant (deed or charter) without livery.—Lie in livery. A term applied to cor­poreal hereditaments, freeholds, etc., signifying that they pass by livery, not by the mere force of the grant.—Lie in wait. See Lying in Wait.
LIE TO. To adjoin. A cottage must have had four acres of land laid to it. See 2 Show. 279.
LIEFTENANT. An old form of "lieu­tenant," and still retained as the vulgar pro­nunciation of the word.
LIEGE. In feudal law. Bound by a feudal tenure; bound in allegiance to the lord paramount, who owned no superior.
In old records. Full; absolute; perfect; pure. Liege widowhood was pure widow­hood. Cowell.
—Liege homage. Homage which, when per­formed by one sovereign prince to another, in­cluded fealty and services, as opposed to sim­ple homage, which was a mere acknowledgment of tenure. (1 Bl. Comm. 367; 2 Steph. Comm. 400.) Mozley & Whitley.—Liege lord. A sov­ereign ; a superior lord.—Liege poustie. In Scotch law. That state of health which gives a person full power to dispose of, mortis causd or otherwise, his heritable property. Bell. A deed executed at the time of such a state of health, as opposed to a death-bed conveyance. The term seems to be derived from the Latin "legtttma potestas."
LIEGEMAN. He that oweth allegiance. Cowell.
LIEGER, or LEGER. A resident am­bassador.
LIEGES, or LIEGE PEOPLE. Subjects.
LIEN. A qualified right of property which a creditor has in or over specific property of his debtor, as security for the debt or charge or for performance of some act.
In every case in which property, either real or personal, is charged with the payment of a debt or duty, every such charge may be denominated a lien on the property. Whitak. Liens, p. 1.
A lien is a charge imposed upon specific property, by which it is made security for the performance of an act. Code Civil Proc. Cal. § 1180.
In a narrow and technical sense, the term "lien" signifies the right by which a person in possession of personal property holds and de­tains it against the owner in satisfaction of a demand; but it has a more extensive meaning, and in common acceptation is understood and used to denote a legal claim or charge on prop erty, either real or personal, for the payment of

LIEN
any debt or duty; every such claim or charge remaining a lien on the property, although not in the possession of the person to whom the debt or duty is due. Downer v. Brackett, 21 Vt. 602, Fed. Cas. No. 4,043. And see Trust v. Pirsson, 1 Hilt. (N. Y.) 296; In re Byrne (D. O.) 97 Fed. 764; Storm v. Waddell, 2 Sandf. Ch. (N. Y.) 507; Stansbury v. Patent Cloth Mfg. Co., 5 N. J. Law, 441; The Meno-minie (D. C.) 36 Fed. 199; Mobile B. & L. Ass'n v. Robertson, 65 Ala. 382; The J. E. Rumbell, 148 U. S. 1, 13 Sup. Ct. 498, 37 L. Ed. 345.
In the Scotch law, the doctrine of lien is known by the name of "retention," and that of set-off by the name of "compensation." The Roman or civil law embraces under the head of "mortgage and privilege" the peculiar securities which, in the common and mari­time law and equity, are termed "liens."
Classification. Liens are either particu­lar or general. The former is a right to retain a thing for some charge or claim growing out of, or connected with, the identical thing. A general lien is a right to detain a chattel, etc, until payment be made, not only of any debt due in respect of the particular chattel, but of any balance that may be due on general account in the same line of business. A general lien, being against the ordinary rule of law, depends entirely upon contract, express or implied, from the special usage of dealing between the parties. Wharton. Crommelin v. Railroad Co., 10 Bosw. (N. Y.) 80; McKenzie v. Nevius, 22 Me. 150, 38 Am. Dec. 291; Brooks v. Bryce, 21 Wend. (N. Y.) 16. A special lien is in the nature of a particular lien, being a lien upon particular property; a lien which the holder can enforce only as security for the performance of a par­ticular act or obligation and of obligations in­cidental thereto. Green v. Coast Line R. Co.,
97 Ga. 15, 24 S. E. 814. 33 L. R. A. 806, 54
Am. St. Rep. 379; Civ. Code Cal. 1903, § 2875.
Liens are also either conventional or by opera­tion of law. The former is the case where the lien is raised by the express agreement and stip­ulation of the parties, in circumstances where the law alone would not create a lien from the mere relation of the parties or the details of their transaction. The latter is the case where the law itself, without the stipulation of the parties, raises a lien, as an implication or legal consequence from the relation of the parties or the circumstances of their dealings. Liens of this species may arise either under the rules of common law or of equity or under a statute. In the first case they are called "common-law liens;" in the second, "equitable liens;" in the third, "statutory liens."
Liens are either possessory or charging; the former, where the creditor has the right to hold possession of the specific property until satisfac­tion of the debt; the latter, where the debt is a charge upon the specific property although it remains in the debtor's possession.
Other compound and descriptive terms. —Attorney's lien. The right of an attorney at law to hold or retain in his possession the money or property of a client until his proper charges have been adjusted and paid. It re­quires no equitable proceeding for its estab­lishment. Sweeley v. Sieman, 123 Iowa, 183,
98 N. W. 571. Also a lien on funds in court
payable to the client, or on a judgment or de­
cree or award in his favor, recovered through
the exertions of the attorney, and for the en­
forcement of which he must invoke the equitable
aid of the court. Fowler v. Lewis, 36 W. Va.
112, 14 S. E. 447 ,* Jennings v. Bacon, 84 Iowa,
403, 51 N. W. 15; Ackerman v. Ackerman, 14
Abb. Prac. (N. Y.) 229; Mosley v. Norman, 74
Ala. 422; Wright v. Wright, 70 N. Y. 98 —
Concurrent liens. Maritime liens are concur-
!6 LIEUTENANT
rent when they are of the same rank, and for supplies or materials or services in preparation for the same voyage, or if they arise on differ­ent bottomry bonds to different holders for ad­vances at the same time for the same repairs. The J. W. Tucker (D. C.) 20 Fed. 132.—Equi­table liens are such as exist in equity, and of which courts of equity alone take cognizance. A lien is neither a jus in re nor a jut ad retik It is not property in the thing, nor does it con­stitute a right of action for the thing. It more properly constitutes a charge upon the thing. Equitable liens most commonly grow out of con­structive trusts. Story, Eq. Jur. § 1215. An equitable lien is a right, not recognized at law, to have a fund or specific property, or the pro­ceeds of its sale, applied in full or in part to the payment of a particular debt or class of debts. Burdon Cent. Sugar Refining Co. v. Ferris Sugar Mfg. Co. (C. C.) 78 Fed. 421; The Menominie (D. C.) 36 Fed. 199; Fallon v. Worthington, 13 Colo. 559, 22 Pac. 960, 6 L. R. A. 708, 16 Am. St. Rep. 231; In re Lesser (D. C.) 100 Fed. 436.—First lien. One which takes priority or precedence over all other charg­es or incumbrances upon the same piece of prop­erty, and which must be satisfied before such other charges are entitled to participate in the proceeds of its sale.—Second lien. One which takes rank immediately after a first lien on the same property and is next entitled to satisfac­tion out of the proceeds.—Lien creditor. One whose debt or claim is secured by a lien on particular property, as distinguished from a "general" creditor, who has no such security. —Lien of a covenant. The commencement of a covenant stating the names of the covenantors and covenantees, and the character of the cove­nant, whether joint or several. Wharton.—Re­taining lien. The lien which an attorney has upon all his client's papers, deeds, vouchers, etc., which remain in his possession, entitling him to retain them until satisfaction of his claims for professional services. In re Wilson (D. C.) 12 Fed. 239; In re Lexington Ave., 30 App. Div. 602, 52 N. Y. Supp. 203.—Secret lien. A lien reserved by the vendor of .chattels, who has de­livered them to the vendee, to secure the pay­ment of the price, which is concealed from all third persons.
As to the particular kinds of liens de­scribed as "Bailee's," "Judgment," "Mari­time," "Mechanics'," "Municipal," and "Ven­dors' " liens, see those titles.
LIENOR. The person having or owning a lien; one who has a right of lien upon prop­erty of another.
LIEU. Fr. Place; room. It'is only used with "in;" in lieu, instead of. Enc. Lond.
LIEU CONUS. L. Fr. In old pleading. A known place; a place well known and generally taken notice of by those who dwell about it, as a castle, a manor, etc. Whishaw; 1 Ld. Raym. 259.
LIEUTENANCY, COMMISSION OF.
See Commission of Aebay.
LIEUTENANT. 1. A deputy; substi­tute; an officer who supplies the place of another; one acting by vicarious authority. Etymologically, one who holds the post or office of another, in the place and stead oi the latter.
2. The word is used in composition as part of the title of several civil and military

LIEUTENANT 727 LIGHT
officers, who are subordinate to others, and especially where the duties and powers of the higher officer may, in certain contingen­cies, devolve upon the lower; as lieutenant governor, lieutenant colonel, etc. See infra. 3. In the army, a lieutenant is a com­missioned officer, ranking next below a cap­tain. In the United States navy, he is an officer whose rank is intermediate between that of an ensign and that of a lieutenant commander. In the British navy, his rank is next below that of a commander.
—Lieutenant colonel. An officer of the army whose rank is above that of a major and below that of a colonel.—Lieutenant commander.
A commissioned officer of the United States navy, whose rank is above that of lieutenant and below that of commander.—Lieutenant general. An officer in the army, whose rank is above that of major general and below that of "general of the army." In the United States, this rank is not permanent, being usually creat­ed for special persons or in times of war.— Lieutenant governor. In English law. A deputy-governor, acting as the chief civil officer of one of several colonies under a governor gen­eral. Webster. In American law. An officer of a state, sometimes charged with special du­ties, but chiefly important as the deputy or substitute of the governor, acting in the place of the governor upon the latter's death, resigna­tion, or disability.
LIFE. That state of animals and plants, or of an organized being, in which its natu­ral functions and motions are performed, or in which its organs are capable of perform­ing their functions. Webster.
The sum of the forces by which death is resisted. Bichat.
—Life-annuity. An engagement to pay an in­come yearly during the life of some person; also the sum thus promised.—Life-estate. An estate whose duration is limited to the life of the party holding it, or of some other person ; a freehold estate, not of inheritance. Williams v. Ratcliff, 42 Miss. 154; Civ. Code Ga. 1895, § 3087.—Life in being. A phrase used in the common-law and statutory rules against per­petuities, meaning the remaining duration of the life of a person who is in existence at the time when the deed or will takes effect. See Mc-Arthur v. Scott, 113 U. S. 340, 5 Sup. Ct. 652, 28 L. Ed. 1015.—Life insurance. See Insur­ance..—Life-interest. A claim or interest, not amounting to ownership, and limited by a term of life, either that of the person in whom the right is vested or that of another.—Life-land, or Life-hold. Land held on a lease for lives.—Life of a writ. The period during which a writ (execution, etc.) remains effective and can lawfully be served or levied, terminat­ing with the day on which, by law or by its own terms, it is to be returned into court.— Life peerage. Letters patent, conferring the dignity of baron for life only, do not enable the grantee to sit and vote in the house of lords, not even with the usual writ of summons to the house. Wharton.—Life policy. A policy of life insurance; a policy of insurance upon the life of an individual.—Life-rent. In Scotch law. An estate for life; a right to the use and enjoyment of an estate or thing for one's life, but without destruction of its substance. They are either legal, such as terce and curtesy, (q. v.,) or conventional, i. e., created by act of the parties. Conventional lite-rents are either sim­ple, where the owner of an estate grants a life-interest to another, or by reservation, where the owner, in conveying away the fee, reserves
a life-estate to himself.—Life-renter. In Scotch law. A tenant for life without waste. Bell.—Life tenant. One who holds an estate in lands for the period of his own life or that of another certain person.—Natural life. The period of a person's existence considered as con­tinuing until terminated by physical dissolution or death occurring in the course of nature; used in contradistinction to that juristic and artificial conception of life as an aggregate of legal rights or the possession of a legal per­sonality, which could be terminated by "civil death," that is, that extinction of personality which resulted from entering a monastery or be­ing attainted of treason or felony. See People v. Wright, 89 Mich. 70, 50 N. W. 792.
LIFT. To raise; to take up. To "lift" a promissory note is to discharge its obliga­tion by paying its amount or substituting another evidence of debt. To "lift the bar" of the statute of limitations, or of an es­toppel, is to remove the obstruction which it interposes, by some sufficient act or acknowl­edgment.
LIGA. In old European law. A league or confederation. Spelman.
LIGAN, LAGAN. Goods cast into the sea tied to a buoy, so that they may be found again by the owners, are so denomi­nated. When goods are cast into the sea in storms or shipwrecks, and remain there, without coming to land, they are distinguish­ed by the barbarous names of "jetsam," "flotsam," and "ligan." 5 Coke, 108; Harg. State Tr. 48; 1 Bl. Comm. 292.
LIGARE. To tie or bind. Bract, fol. 369&.
To enter into a league or treaty. Spel­man.
LIGEA. In old English law. A liege-woman; a female subject. Reg. Orig. 3126.
LIGEANCE. Allegiance; the faithful obedience of a subject to his sovereign, of a citizen to his government. Also, derivative­ly, the territory of a state or sovereignty.
LIGEANTIA. Lat. Ligeance; alle­giance.
Ligeantia est quasi legis essentia; est vinculum fidei. Co. Litt. 129. Allegiance is, as it were, the essence of law; it is the chain of faith.
Ligeantia naturalis nullis claustris coercetur, nullis metis refrsenatur, nul­lis finibus premitur. 7 Coke, 10. Natural allegiance is restrained by no barriers, rein­ed by no bounds, compressed by no limits.
LIGEAS. In old records. A liege.
LIGHT. A window, or opening in the wall for the admission of light Also a privilege or easement to have light admitted into one's building by the openings made foi

LIGHT-HOUSE
728
LIMITATION

that purpose, without obstruction or obscu­ration by the walls of adjacent or neigh­boring structures.
LIGHT-HOUSE. A structure, usually in the form of a tower, containing signal-lights for the guidance of vessels at night, at dan­gerous points of a coast, shoals, etc. They are usually erected by government, and sub­ject to governmental regulation.
—Light-house board. A commission autho­rized by congress, consisting of two officers of the navy, two officers of the corps of engineers of the army, and two civilians, together with an officer of the navy and an officer of engineers of the army as secretaries, attached to the of­fice of the secretary of the treasury, at Wash­ington, and charged with superintending the construction and management of light-houses, light-ships, and other maritime signals for pro­tection of commerce. Abbott.
LIGHT-SHIP, LIGHT-VESSEL. A
vessel serving the purpose of a light-house, usually at a place where the latter could not well be built.
LIGHTER. A small vessel used in load­ing and unloading ships and steamers. The Mamie (D. C.) 5 Fed. 818; Reed v. Ingham, 26 Eng. Law & Eq. 167.
LIGHTERAGE. The business of trans­ferring merchandise to and from vessels by means of lighters; also the compensation or price demanded for such service. West­ern Transp. Co. v. Hawley, 1 Daly (N. Y.) 327.
LIGHTERMAN. The master or owner of a lighter. He is liable as a common car­rier.
LIGHTS. 1. Windows; openings in the wall of a house for the admission of light
2. Signal-lamps on board a vessel or at particular points on the coast, required by the navigation laws to be displayed at night.
LIGIUS. A person bound to another by a solemn tie or engagement. Now used to express the relation of a subject to his sov­ereign.
Ligna et lapides sub "armorum" ap­pellations non continentnr. Sticks and stones are not contained under the name of "arms." Bract, fol. 1446.
LIGNAGIUM. A right of cutting fuel in woods; also a tribute or payment due for the same. Jacob.
LIGNAMINA. Timber fit for building. Du Fresne.
LIGITLA. In old English law. A copy, exemplification, or transcript of a court roll or deed. CowelL
LIMB. A member of the human body. In the phrase "life and limb," the latter term appears to denote bodily integrity in general; but in the definition of "mayhem* it refers only to those members or parts of the body which may be useful to a man in fighting. 1 Bl. Comm. 130.
LIMENARCHA. In Roman law. An of­ficer who had charge of a harbor or port. Dig. 50, 4, 18, 10; Cod. 7, 16, 38.
LIMIT, v. To mark out; to define; to fix the extent of. Thus, to limit an estate means to mark out or to define the period of its duration, and the words employed in deeds for this purpose are thence termed "words of limitation," and the act itself is termed "limiting the estate." Brown.
LIMIT, n. A bound; a restraint; a cir­cumscription ; a boundary. Casler v. Con­necticut Mut. L. Ins. Co., 22 N. Y. 429.
LIMITATION. Restriction or circum­spection; settling an estate or property; a certain time allowed by a statute for liti­gation.
In estates. A limitation, whether made by the express words of the party or existing in intendment of law, circumscribes the con­tinuance of time for which the property is to be enjoyed, and by positive and certain terms, or by reference to some event which possibly may happen, marks the period at which the time of enjoyment shall end. Prest. Estates, 25. And see Brattle Square Church v. Grant, 3 Gray (Mass.) 147, 63 Am. Dec. 725; Smith v. Smith, 23 Wis. 181, 99 Am. Dec. 153; Hoselton v. Hoselton, 166 Mo. 182, 65 S. W. 1005; Stearns v. Godfrey, 16 Me. 160.
—Conditional limitation. A condition fol­lowed by a limitation over to a third person in case the condition be not fulfilled or there be a breach of it. Stearns v. Godfrey, 16 Me. 158; Church v. Grant, 3 Gray (Mass.) 151, 63 Am. Dec. 725; Smith v. Smith, 23 Wis. 176, 99 Am. Dec. 153. A conditional limitation is where an estate is so expressly defined and limited by the words of its creation that it cannot endure for any longer time than till the contingency hap­pens upon which the estate is to fail. 1 Steph. Comm. 309. Between conditional limitations and estates depending on conditions subsequent there is this difference: that in the former the estate determines as soon as the contingency happens; but in the latter it endures until the grantor or his heirs take advantage of the breach. Id. 310.—Collateral limitation. One which gives an interest in an estate for a specified period, but makes the right of enjoyment to depend on some collateral event, as an estate to A. till B. shall go to Rome. Templeman v. Gibbs, 86 Tex. 358, 24 S. W. 792; 4 Kent, Comm. 128.—Contingent limitation. When a remainder in fee is limited upon any estate which would by the common law be adjudged a fee tail, such a remainder is valid as a contin­gent limitation upon a fee, and vests in posses­sion on the death of the first taker without issue living at the time of his death. Rev. Codes N. D. 1899, § 3328.—Limitation in law. A limi­tation in law, or an estate limited, is an estate to-

LIMITATION
be holden onlv during the continuance of the con­dition under which it was granted, upon the de­termination of which the estate vests immediate­ly in him in expectancy. 2 Bl. Comm. 155.— Limitation of actions. The restriction by statute of the right of action to certain periods of time, after the accruing of the cause of action, beyond which, except in certain specified cases, it will not be allowed. Also the period of time so limited by law for the bringing of actions. See Keyser v. Lowell, 117 Fed. 404, 54 C. C. A. 574; Battle v. Shivers, 39 Ga. 409; Baker v. Kelley, 11 Minn. 493 (Gil. 358) ; Riddelsbarger v. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 7 Wall. 390, 19 L. Ed. 257.—Limitation of assize. In old practice. A certain time prescribed by statute, within which a man was required to allege himself or his ancestor to have been seised of lands sued for by a writ of assize. Cowell.—Limitation of estate. The restriction or circumscription of an estate, in the conveyance by which it is granted, in respect to the interest of the grantee or its duration; the specific curtailment or confinement of an estate, by the terms of the grant, so that it cannot endure beyond a cer­tain period or a designated contingency.—Limi­tation over. This term includes any estate in the same property created or contemplated by the conveyance, to be enjoyed after the first estate granted expires or is exhausted. Thus, in a gift to A. for life, with remainder to the heirs of his body, the remainder is a "limitation over" to such heirs. Ewing v. Shropshire, 80 Ga. 374, 7 S. B. 554.—Special limitation. A qualification serving to mark out the bounds of an estate, so as to determine it ipso facto in a given event, without action, entry,^ or claim, be­fore it would, or might, otherwise expire by force of, or according to, the general limitation. Henderson v. Hunter, 59 Pa. 340.—Statute of limitations. A statute prescribing limitations to the right of action on certain described caus­es of action; that is, declaring that no suit shall be maintained on such causes of action unless brought within a specified period after the right accrued.—Title by limitation. A prescriptive title; one which is indefeasible be­cause of the expiration of the time prescribed by the statute of limitations for the bringing of actions to test or defeat it. See Dalton v. Ren-taria, 2 Ariz. 275, 15 Pac. 37.—Words of lim­itation. In a conveyance or will, words which have the effect of marking the duration of an estate are termed "words of limitation." Thus, in a grant to A. and his heirs, the words "and his heirs" are words of limitation, because they show that A. is to take an estate in fee-simple and do not give his heirs anything. Fearne, Rem. 78. And see Ball v. Payne, 6 Rand. (Va.) 75: Summit v. Yount, 109 Ind. 506, 9 N. E. 582.
LIMITED. Restricted; bounded; pre­scribed. Confined within positive bounds; restricted in duration, extent, or scope.
-—Limited administration. An administra­tion of a temporary character, granted for a particular period, or for a special or particular purpose. Holthouse.—Limited owner. A ten­ant for life, in tail, or by the curtesy, or other person not having a fee-simple in his absolute disposition.
As to limited "Company," "Divorce," "Ex­ecutor," "Fee," "Jurisdiction," "Liability," and "Partnership," see those titles.
LIMOGIA. Enamel. Du Cange.
LINARTUM. In old English law. A flax plat, where flax is grown. Du Cange.
LINCOLN'S INN. An inn of court See Inns ov Couet.
!9 LINEA RECTA EST INDEX
LINE. In descents. The order or se­ries of persons who have descended one from the other or all from a common ancestor, considered as placed in a line of succession in the order of their birth, the line showing the connection of all the blood-relatives.
Measures. A line is a lineal measure, containing the one-twelfth part of an inch.
In estates. The boundary or line of di­vision between two estates.
—Building line. A line established by mu­nicipal authority, to secure uniformity of ap­pearance in the streets of the city, drawn at a> certain uniform distance from the curb or from the edge of the sidewalk, and parallel thereto, upon which the fronts of? all buildings on that street must be placed, or beyond which they are not allowed to project. See Tear v. Freebody, 4 C. B. (N. S.) 263.—Collateral line. A line of descent connecting persons who are not directly related to each other as as­cendants or descendants, but whose relation­ship consists in common descent from the same ancestor.—Direct line. A line of descent trac­ed through those persons only who are related to each other directly as ascendants or descend­ants.—Line of credit. A margin or fixed limit of credit, granted by a bank or merchant to a customer, to the full extent of which the latter may avail himself in his dealings with the former, but which he must not exceed; usu­ally intended to cover a series of transactions, in which case, when the customer's line of credit is nearly or quite exhausted, he is expected to reduce his indebtedness by payments before drawing upon it further. See Isador Bush Wine Co v. Wolff, 48 La. Ann. 918, 19 South. 765; Schneider-Davis Co. v. Hart, 23 Tex. Civ. App. 529, 57 S. W. 903—Line of duty. In military law and usage, an act is said to be done, or an injury sustained, "in the line of duty," when done or suffered in the perform­ance or discharge of a duty incumbent upon the individual in his character as a member of the military or naval forces. See Rhodes v. U. S., 79 Fed. 743, 25 C. C. A. 186.—Lines and cor­ners. In surveying and conveyancing. Bound­ary lines and their terminating points, where an angle is formed by the next boundary line.—• Maternal line. A line of descent or rela­tionship between two persons which is traced through the mother of the younger.—Paternal line. A similar line of descent traced through the father.
LINEA. Lat. A line; line of descent. See Line.
—Linea obliqua. In the civil law. The oblique line. More commonly termed "linea transversahs^—Tiinea recta. The direct line; the vertical line. In computing degrees of kin­dred and the succession to estates, this term denotes the direct line of ascendants and de­scendants. Where a person springs from an­other immediately, or mediately through a third person, they are said to be in the direct line, (linea recta,) and are called "ascendants" and "descendants." Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 129. —Linea transversalis. A collateral, trans­verse, or oblique line. Where two persons are descended from a third, they are called "collat­erals," and are said to be related in the col­lateral line, (linea transversa or obliqua.)
Linea recta est index sui et obliqui; lex est linea recti. Co. Litt. 158. A right line is a test of itself, and of an oblique; law is a line of right

LINEA RECTA SEMPER 730
LIS

Linea recta semper prsefertur trans­versal!. The right line is always preferred to the collateral. Co. Litt. 10; Broom, Max. 529.
LINEAGE. Race; progeny; family, as­cending or descending. Lockett v. Lockett, 04 Ky. 289, 22 S. W. 224.
LINEAL. That which comes in a line; especially a direct line, as from father to son. Collateral relationship is not called "lineal," though the expression "collateral line," is not unusual.
—Lineal consanguinity. That kind of con­sanguinity which subsists between persons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other; as between a particular person and his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and so upward, in the direct ascending line; or between the same person and his son, grandson, great-grandson, and so downwards in the direct de­scending line. 2 Bl. Comm. 203; Willis Coal & Min. Co. v. Grizzell, 198 111. 313, 65 N. E. 74. —Lineal descent. See Descent.—Lineal warranty. A warranty by an ancestor from whom the title did or might have come to the heir. 2 Bl. Comm. 301; Rawle, Cov. 30.
LINK. A unit in a connected series; anything which serves to connect or bind to­gether the things which precede and follow it. Thus, we speak of a "link in the chain of title."
LIQUERE. Lat In the civil law. To be clear, evident, or satisfactory. When a judex was in doubt how to decide a case, he represented to the praetor, * under oath, siM non liquere, (that it was not clear to him,) and was thereupon discharged. Calvin.
LIQUET. It Is clear or apparent; it ap­pears. Satis liquet, it sufficiently appears. 1 Strange, 412.
LIQUIDATE. To adjust or settle an in­debtedness; to determine an amount to be paid; to clear up an account and ascertain the balance; to fix the amount required to satisfy a judgment Midgett v. Watson, 29 N. C. 145; Martin v. Kirk, 2 Humph. (Tenn.) 531.
To clear away; to lessen; to pay. "To liquidate a balance means to pay it." Fleck-ner v. Bank of U. S., 8 Wheat. 338, 362, 5 L. Ed. 631.
LIQUIDATED. Ascertained; determin­ed ; fixed; settled; made clear or manifest. Cleared away; paid; discharged.
—Liquidated account. An account whereof the amount is certain and fixed, either by the act and agreement of the parties or by opera­tion of law; a sum which cannot be changed by the proof; it is so much or nothing; but the term* does not necessarily refer to a writ­ing. Nisbet v. Lawson, 1 Ga. 287.—Liqui­dated damages. See Damages.—Liquidat­ed dent. A debt is liquidated when it is cer­tain what is due and how much is due. Rob­erts v. Prior, 20 Ga. 562.—Liquidated de­mand. A demand is a liquidated one if the
amount of it has been ascertained—settled—by the agreement of the parties to it, or other­wise. Mitchell v. Addison, 20 Ga. 53.
LIQUIDATING PARTNER. The part­ner who upon the dissolution or insolvency of the firm, is appointed to settle its^ ac­counts, collect assets, adjust claims, and pay debts. Garretson v. Brown, 185 Pa. 447, 40 Atl. 300.
LIQUIDATION. The act or process of settling or making clear, fixed, and determi­nate that which before was uncertain or un­ascertained.
As applied to a company, (or sometimes to the affairs of an individual,) liquidation is used in a broad sense as equivalent to "winding up;" that is, the comprehensive process of settling accounts, ascertaining and adjusting debts, collecting assets, and paying off claims.
LIQUIDATOR. A person appointed to carry out the winding up of a company.
—Official liquidator. In English law. A person appointed by the judge in chancery, in whose court a joint-stock company is being wound up, to bring and defend suits and ac­tions in the name of the company, and gen­erally to do all things necessary for winding up the affairs of the company, and distributing its assets. 3 Steph. Comm. 24.
LIQUOR. This term, when used In stat­utes forbidding the sale of liquors, refers only to spirituous or intoxicating liquors. Brass v. State, 45 Fla. 1, 34 South. 307; State v. Brittain, 89 N. O. 576; People v. Crilley, 20 Barb. (N. Y.) 248. See Intoxica­ting Liqtjob; Spikituous Liqtjob.
—Liquor dealer. One who carries on the business of selling intoxicating liquors, either at wholesale or retail, and irrespective of wheth­er the liquor sold is produced or manufactured by himself or by others; but there must be more than a single sale. See Timm v. Harri­son, 109 111. 601; U. S. v. Allen (D. C.) 38 Fed. 738; Fincannon v. State, 93 Ga. 418, 21 S. E. 53; State v. Dow. 21 Vt. 484; Mansfield v. 'State, 17 Tex. App. 472.—Liquor-shop. A house where spirituous liquors are kept and sold. Wooster v. State, 6 Baxt. (Tenn.) 534. —Liquor tax certificate. Under the excise laws of New York, a certificate of payment of the tax imposed upon the business of liquor-selling, entitling the . holder to carry on that business, and differing from the ordinary form of license in that it does not confer a mere per­sonal privilege but creates a species of prop­erty which is transferable by the owner. See In re Lyman, 160 N. Y. 96, 54 N. E. 577; In re iCullinan, 82 App. Div. 445, 81 N. Y. Supp.
LIRA. The name of an Italian coin, of the value of about eighteen cents.
LIS. Lat. A controversy or dispute; a suit or action at law.
—Lis alibi pendens. A suit pending else­where. The fact that proceedings are pending between a plaintiff and defendant in one court in respect to a given matter is frequently a

LIS ri
ground for preventing the plaintiff from tak­ing proceedings in another court against the same defendant for the same object and aris­ing out of the same cause of action. Sweet. —Lis mota. A controversy moved or begun. By this term is meant a dispute which has aris­en upon a point or question which afterwards forms the issue upon which legal proceedings are instituted. Westfelt v. Adams, 131 N. G. 379, 42 S. E. 823. After such controversy has arisen, {post litem motam,) it is held, dec­larations as to pedigree, made by members of the family since deceased, are not admissible. See 4 Camp. 417; 6 Oar. & iP. 560.—Iiis pen­dens. A suit pending; that legal process, in a suit regarding land, which amounts to legal notice to all the world that there is a dispute as to the title. In equity the filing of the bill and serving a subpoena creates a lis pendens, except when statutes require some record. Stim. Law Gloss. See Boyd v. Emmons, 103 Ky. 393, 45 S. W. 364; Tinsley v. Rice, 105 Ga. 285, 31 S. E. 174; Bowen v. Kirkland, 17 Tex. Civ. App. 346, 44 S. W. 189; Hines v. Dun­can, 79 Ala. 117, 58 Am. Rep. 580. In the civil law. A suit pending. A suit was not said to be pending before that stage of it called "Mis contestaUo, (q. v.) Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 219; Calvin,—Notice of lis pendens. A notice filed for the purpose of warning all per­sons that the title to certain property is in litigation, and that, if they purchase the de­fendant's claim to the same, they are in dan­ger of being bound by an adverse judgment. See Empire Land & Canal Co. v. Engley, 18 Colo. 388, 33 Pac. 153.
LIST. A docket or calendar of causes ready for trial or argument, or of motions ready for hearing.
LISTED. Included in a list; put on a list, particularly on a list of taxable persons or property.
LISTERS. This word is used in some of the states to designate the persons appointed to make lists of taxables. See Rev. St. Vt 538.
LITE PENDENTE. Lat Pending the suit Fleta, lib. 2, c. 54, § 23.
LITEM DENTTNCIARE. Lat. In the civil law. To cast the burden of a suit up­on another; particularly used with refer­ence to a purchaser of property who, being sued in respect to it by a third person, gives notice to his vendor and demands his aid in its defense. See Mackeld. Rom. Law, 8 403.
LITEM SUAM FACERE. Lat. To make a suit his own. Where a judex, from partiality or enmity, evidently favored ei­ther of the parties, he was said litem suam facere. Calvin.
LITERA. Lat. A letter. The letter of a law, as distinguished from its spirit See Letter.
—Litera Pisana. The Pisan letter. A term applied to the old character in which the copy of the Pandects formerly kept at Pisa, in Italy, Was written. Spelman.
1 LITERARY
LITERS. Letters. A term applied In old English law to various instruments In writing, public and private.
—Literae dimissorise. Dimissory letters, (q. v.)—Liters? hnmaniores. A term including Greek, Latin, general philology, logic, moral philosophy, metaphysics; the name of the prin­cipal course of study in the University of Ox­ford. Wharton.—Literae mortuae. Dead let­ters ; fulfilling words of a statute. Lord Bacon observes that "there are in every statute cer­tain words which are as veins, where the life and blood of the statute cometh, and where all doubts do arise, and the rest are* litera mor-tuce, fulfilling words." Bac St. Uses, (Works, iv. 189.)—Literae patentee. Letters patent; literally, open letters.—Literae procnratoriae. In old English law. Letters procuratory; let­ters of procuration; letters of attorney. Bract fols. 40, 43.—Literae recognitionis. In mari­time law. A bill of lading. Jac. Sea Laws, 172.—Literae sigillatee. In old English law. Sealed letters. The return of a sheriff was so called. Fleta, lib. 2, c. 64, § 19.
Literae patentes regis non ernnt va-cnae. 1 Bulst. 6. The king's letters patent shall not be void.
Literae scriptse manent. Written words last
LITERAL. According to language; fol­lowing expression in words. A literal con­struction of a document adheres closely to its words, without making differences for ex­trinsic circumstances; a literal performance of a condition is one which complies exactly with its terms.
—Literal contract. In Roman law. A spe­cies of written contract, in which the formal act by which an obligation was superinduced on the convention was an entry of the sum due, where it should be specifically ascertained, on the debit side of a ledger. Maine, Anc. Law, 320. A contract, the whole of the evidence or which is reduced to writing, and binds the party who subscribed it, although he has received no consideration. Lee. El. Dr. Rom. § 887.—Lit­eral proof. In the civil law. Written evi­dence.
LITERARY. Pertaining to polite learn­ing; connected with the study or use of books and writings.
The word "literary," having no legal sig­nification, is to be taken in its ordinary and usual meaning. We speak of literary persons as learned, erudite; of literary property, as the productions of ripe scholars, or, at least, of professional writers; of literary institutions, as those where the positive sciences are taught or persons eminent for learning associate, for purposes connected with their professions. This we think the popular meaning of the word; and that it would not be properly used as descriptive x>t a school for the instruction of youth. In­dianapolis v. McLean, 8 Ind. 332.
—Literary composition. In copyright law. An original result of mental production, devel­oped in a series of written or printed words, arranged for an intelligent purpose, in an or­derly succession of expressive combinations. Keene v. Wheatley, 14 Fed. Cas. 192-; Wool-sey v. Judd, 4 Duer (N. Y.) 396.—Literary property may be described as the right which entitles an author and his assigns to all the use and profit of his composition, to which no in­dependent right is, through any act or omission

LITERATE
732
LITISPENDENCE

on his or their part, vested in another person. "9 Amer. Law Reg. 44.. And see Keene v. Wheatley, 14 Fed. Cas. 192; Palmer v. De Witt, 32 N. Y. Super. Ct. 552. A distinction is to he taken between "literary property" (which is the natural, common-law right which a per­son has in the form of written expression to which he has, by labor and skill, reduced his thoughts) and "copyright," (which, is a statu­tory monopoly, above and beyond natural prop­erty, conferred upon an author to encourage and reward a dedication of his literary prop­erty to the public.) Abbott.
LITERATE. In English ecclesiastical law. One who qualifies himself for holy or­ders by presenting himself as a person ac­complished in classical learning, etc., not as a graduate of Oxford, Cambridge, etc
LITERATURA. "Ad literaturam po-nei'e" means to put children to school. This liberty was anciently denied to those parents who were servile tenants, without the lord's consent. The prohibition against the educa­tion of sons arose from the fear that the son, being bred to letters, might enter into holy orders, and so stop or divert the services which he might otherwise do as heir to his father. Paroch. Antiq. 401.
LITERIS OBLIGATIO. In Roman law. The contract of nomen, which was constitut­ed by writing, (scripturd.) It was of two kinds, viz.: (1) A re in personam, when a transaction was transferred from the day­book (adversaria) into the ledger (codex) in the form of a debt under the name or heading of the purchaser or debtor, (nomen;) and (2) a persond in personam, where a debt already standing under one nomen or heading was transferred in the usual course of novatio from that nomen to another and substituted nomen. By reason of this transferring, these obligations were called "nomina transcripti-tia." No money was, in fact, paid to con­stitute the contract. If ever money was paid, then the nomen was arcanum, (i. e., a real contract, re contractus,) and not a nomen proprium. Brown.
LITIGANT. A party to a lawsuit; one engaged in litigation; usually spoken of ac­tive parties, not of nominal ones.
LITIGARE. Lat To litigate; to carry on a suit, (htem agere,) either as plaintiff or defendant; to claim or dispute by action; to test or try the validity of a claim by action.
LITIGATE. To dispute or contend in form of law; to carry on a suit.
LITIGATION. A judicial controversy. A contest in a court of justice, for the pur­pose of enforcing a right.
LITIGIOSITY. In Scotch law. The pendency of a suit; it is a tacit legal prohi­bition of alienation, to the disappointment of
an action, or of diligence, the direct object of which is to obtain i possession, or to acquire the property of a particular subject The ef­fect of it is analogous to that of inhibition. Bell.
LITIGIOSO. Span. Litigious; the sub­ject of litigation; a term applied to property which is the subject of dispute in a pending suit White v. Gay, 1 Tex. 388.
LITIGIOUS. That which is the subject of a suit or action; that which is contested in a court of justice. In another sense, "li­tigious" signifies fond of litigation; prone to engage in suits.
—Litigious church. In ecclesiastical law, a church is said to be litigious where two presen­tations are offered to the bishop upon the same avoidance. Jenk. Cent. 11.—Litigious right, n In the civil law. A right which cannot be ex­ercised without undergoing a lawsuit Civil Code La. arts. 918, 3556.
LITIS iESTIMATIO. Lat The meas­ure of damages.
LITIS CONTESTATIO. Lat In the civil and canon law. Contestation of suit; the process of contesting a suit by the op­posing statements of the respective parties; the process of coming to an issue; the attain­ment of an issue; the issue itself.
In the practice of the ecclesiastical courts. The general answer made by the defendant, in which he denies the matter charged against him in the libel. Hallifax, Civil Law, b. 3, c 11, no. 9.
In admiralty practice. The general is­sue. 2 Browne, Civil & Adm. Law, 358, and note.
LITIS DENUNCIATIO. Lat In the
civil law. The process by which a purchaser of property, who is sued for its possession or recovery by a third person, falls back upon his vendor's covenant of warranty, by giving the latter notice of the action and demanding his aid in defending it See Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 403.
LITIS DOMINIUM. Lat In the civil law. Ownership, control, or direction of a suit A fiction of law by which the employ­ment of an attorney or proctor (procurator) in a suit was authorized or justified, he be­ing supposed to become, by the appointment of his principal (dominus) or client, the donv-inus litis. Heinecc. Elem. lib. 4, tit 10, {$ 1246, 1247.
Litis nomen omnem actionem signif-icat, sive in rem, sive in personam sit.
Co. Litt. 292. A lawsuit signifies every ac­tion, whether it be in rem or in personam.
LITISPENDENCE. An obsolete term for the time during which a lawsuit is going oik

LITISPENDENCE
733
LOAN

LITISPENDENCE. In Spanish law. Litispendency. The condition of a suit pend­ing in a court of justice.
LITRE. Ft. A measure of capacity in the metric system, being a cubic decimetre, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 2.113 Amer­ican pints, or 1.76 English pints. Webster.
LITTORAL. Belonging to the shore, as of seas and great lakes. Webster. Corre­sponding to riparian proprietors on a stream or small pond are littoral proprietors on a sea or lake. But "riparian" is also used co-extensively with "littoral." Commonwealth r. Alger, 7 Cush. (Mass.) 94. See Boston v. Lecraw, 17 How. 426, 15 L. Ed. 118.
LITURA. Lat. In the civil law. An ob­literation or blot in a will or other instru­ment. Dig. 28, 4, 1, 1.
LITUS. In old European law. A kind of servant; one who surrendered himself in­to another's power. Spelman.
In the civil law. The bank of a stream or shore of the sea; the coast.
—Litns maris. The sea-shore. "It is certain that that which the sea overflows, either at high spring tides or at extraordinary tides, comes not, as to this purpose, under the denom­ination of 'Utus maris,' and consequently the king's title is not of that large extent, but only to land that is usually overflowed at ordinary tides. That, therefore, I call the 'shore' that is between the common high-water and low-water mark, and no more." Hale de Jure Mar. c 4.
Litns est quousqne maximas fluctus a mari pervenit. The shore is where the highest wave from the sea has reached. Dig. 50, 16, 96. Ang. Tide-Waters, 67.
LIVE-STOCK INSURANCE. See In­surance.
LIVELODE. Maintenance; support.
LIVERY. 1. In English law. Delivery of possession of their lands to the king's ten­ants in capite or tenants by knight's service.
2.A writ which may be sued out by a ward in chivalry, on reaching his majority, to obtain delivery of the possession of his lands out of the hands of the guardian. 2 Bl. Comm. 68.
3.A particular dress or garb appropriate or peculiar to certain persons, as the mem­bers of a guild, or, more particularly, the servants of a nobleman or gentleman.
4.The privilege of a particular guild or company of persons, the members thereof being called "livery-men."
5.A contract of hiring of work-beasts, particularly horses, to the use of the hirer. It is seldom used alone in this sense, but ap­pears in the compound, "livery-stable." —Livery in chivalry. In feudal law. The delivery of the lands of a ward in chivalry out
of the guardian's hands, upon the heir's attain­ing the requisite age,—twenty-one for males, six­teen for females. 2 Bl. Comm. 68.—Livery­man. A member of some company in the city of London; also called a "freeman."—Livery of seisin. The appropriate ceremony, at com­mon law, for transferring the corporal posses­sion of lands or tenements by a grantor to his grantee. It was livery in deed where the par­ties went together upon the land, and there a twig, clod, key, or other symbol was delivered in the name of the whole. Livery in law was where the same ceremony was performed, not upon the land itself, but in sight of it. 2 Bl. Comm. 315, 316; Micheau v. Crawford, 8 N. J. Law, 108; Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Cannon (C. C) 46 Fed. 232.—Livery-office. An of­fice appointed for the delivery of lands.—Liv­ery stable keeper. One whose business it is to keep horses for hire or to let, or to keep, feed, or board horses for others. Kittanning Borough v. Montgomery, 5 Pa. Super. Ct. 198.
LIVRE TOURNOIS. A coin used in France before the Revolution. It is to be computed in the ad valorem duty on goods, etc., at eighteen and a half cents. Act Cong. March. 2, 1798, § 61; 1 Story, Laws, 629.
LLOYD'S. An association in the city of London, for the transaction of marine insur­ance, the members of which underwrite each other's policies. See Durbrow v. Eppens, 65 N. J. Law, 10, 46 Atl. 585.
—Lloyd's bonds. The name «f a class of evidences of debt, used in England; being ac­knowledgments, by a borrowing company made under its seal, of a debt incurred and actually due by the company to a contractor or other person for work done, goods supplied, or other­wise, as the case may be, with a covenant for payment of the principal and interest at a fu­ture time. Brown.
LO ADM AN AGE. The pay to loadsmen; that is, persons who sail or row before ships, In barks or small vessels, with instruments for towing the ship and directing her course, in order that she may escape the dangers in her way. Poth. Des Avaries, no. 137.
LOAN. A bailment without reward; con­sisting of the delivery of an article by the owner to another person, to be used by the latter gratuitously, and returned either in specie or in kind. A sum of money confided to another. Ramsey v. Whitbeck, 81 111. App. 210; Nichols v. Fearson, 7 Pet 109, 8 L. Ed. 623; Rodman v. Munson, 13 Barb. (N. Y.) 75; Booth v. Terrell, 16 Ga. 25; Payne v. Gardi­ner, 29 N. Y. 167.
A loan of money is a contract by which one delivers a sum of money to another, and the latter agrees to return at a future time a sum equivalent to that which he borrowed. Civ. Code Cal. § 1912.
—Loan association. See Building and Loan Association.—Loan certificates. Cer­tificates issued by a clearing-house to the as­sociated banks to the amount of seventy-five per cent, of the value of the collaterals depos­ited by the borrowing banks with the loan com­mittee of the clearing-house. Anderson.—Loan for consumption. The loan for consumption

LOAN
734
LOCARK

is an agreement by which one person delivers to another a certain quantity of things which are consumed by the use, under the obligation, by the borrower, to return to him as much of the same kind and quality. Giv. Code La. art. 2910. Loans are of two kinds,—for consumption or for use. A loan for consumption is where the article is not to be returned in specie, but in kind. This is a sale, and not a bailment. Code 6a. 1882, § 2125.—Loan for exchange. A loan for exchange is a contract by which one delivers personal property to another, and the latter agrees to return to the lender a similar thing at a future time, without reward for its use. Giv. Code Cal. § 1902.—Loan for use. The loan for use is an agreement by which a person delivers a thing to another, to use it according to its natural destination, or accord­ing to the ageement, under the obligation on the part of the borrower to return it after he shall have done using it. Civ. Code La. art. 2893. A loan for use is a contract by which one gives to another the temporary possession and use of personal property, and the latter agrees to return the same thing to him at a future time, without reward for its use. Civ. Code Cal. § 1884. A loan for use is the gra­tuitous grant of an article to another for use, to be returned in specie, and may be either for a certain time or indefinitely, and at the will of the grantor. Code Ga. 1882, § 2126. Loan for use (called "commodatum" in the civil law) differs from a loan for consumption, (called "mutuum" in the civil law,) in this: that the commodatum must be specifically returned; the mutuum is to be returned in kind. In the case of a commodatum, the property in the thing re­mains in the lender; in a mutuum, the property passes to the borrower. Bouvier.—Loan, gra­tuitous, (or commodate.) A class of bail­ment which is called "commodatum" in the Ro­man law, and is denominated by Sir William Jones a "loan for use," (prit-a-usage,) to dis­tinguish it from "mutuum," a loan for consump­tion. It is the gratuitous lending of an article to the borrower for his own use. Wharton.— Loan societies. In English law. A kind of club formed for the purpose of advancing money on loan to the industrial classes.
LOBBYING. "Lobbying" is defined to be any personal solicitation of a member of a legislative body during a session thereof, by private interview, or letter or message, or other means and appliances not addressed solely to the judgment, to favor or oppose, or to vote for or against, any bill, resolution, report, or claim pending, or to be introduced by either branch thereof, by any person who misrepresents the nature of his interest in the matter to such member, or who is em­ployed for a consideration by a person or cor­poration interested in the passage or defeat of such bill, resolution, report, or claim, for the purpose of procuring the passage or de­feat thereof. But this does not include such services as drafting petitions, bills, or reso­lutions, attending to the taking of testimony, collecting facts, preparing arguments and me­morials, and submitting them orally or in writing to a committee-or member of the leg­islature, and other services of like character, intended to reach the reason of legislators. Code Ga. 1882, § 4486. And see Colusa Coun­ty v. Welch, 122 Cal. 428, 55 Pac. 248; Trist v. Child, 21 Wall. 448, 22 L. Ed. 623; Dun­ham v. Hastings Pavement Co., 56 App. Div. 244, 67 N. Y. Supp. 632; Houlton v. NichoL
93 Wis. 393, 67 N. W. 715, 33 L. E. A. 166, 57 Am. St Hep. 928.
L'obligation sans cause, on sur one fausse cause, on sur cause illicite, ne pent avoir aucun eflet An obligation without consideration, or apon a false con­sideration, (which fails,) or upon unlawful consideration, cannot have any effect. Code Civil, 3, 3, 4; Chit Cont (11th Am. Ed.) 25, note.
LOCAL. Relating to place; expressive of place; belonging or confined to a particu­lar place. Distinguished from "general," "personal," and "transitory."
—Local act of parliament. An act which has for its object the interest of some particu­lar locality, as the formation of a road, the alteration of the course of a river, the forma­tion of a public market in a particular district, etc. Brown.—Local assessment. A charge in the nature of tax, levied to pay the whole or part of the cost of local improvements, and assessed upon the various parcels of property specially benefited thereby. Gould v. Balti­more, 59 Md. 380.—Local chattel. A thing is local that is fixed to the freehold. Kitchin, 180.—Local courts. Courts whose jurisdic­tion is limited to a particular territory or dis­trict The expression often signifies the courts of the state, in opposition to the United States courts. People v. Porter, 90 N. Y. 75; Geraty v. Reid, 78 N. Y. 67.—Local freight. Freight shipped from either terminus of a railroad to a way station, or vice versa, or from one way station to another; that is, over a part of the road only. Mobile & M. R. Co. r. Steiner, 61 Ala. 579.—Local influence. As a statutory ground for the removal of a cause from a state court to a federal court, this means influence enjoyed and wielded by the plaintiff, as a resi­dent of the place where the suit is brought, in consequence of his wealth, prominence, politi­cal importance, business or social relations, or otherwise, such as might affect the minds of the court or jury and prevent the defendant from winning the case, even though the merits should be with him. See Neale v. Foster (C. C.) 81 Fed. 53.—Local option. A privilege ac­corded by the legislature of a state to the sev­eral counties or other districts of the state to determine, each for itself, by popular vote, whether or not licenses should be issued for the sale of intoxicating liquors within such dis­tricts. See Wilson v. State, 35 Ark. 416; State v. Brown, 19 Fla. 598.—Local preju­dice. The "prejudice or local influence" which will warrant the removal of a cause from a state court to a federal court may be either prejudice and influence existing against the par­ty seeking such removal or existing in favor of his adversary. Neale v. Foster (C. CL) 31 Fed. 53.
As to local "Action," "Agent," "Allegiance," "Custom," "Government," "Improvement" "Law," "Statute," "Taxes," and "Venue," see those titles.
LOCALITY. In Scotch law. This name is given to a life-rent created in marriage contracts in favor of the wife, instead of leaving her to her legal life-rent of tierce. 1 Bell, Comm. 55.
LOCABE. To let for hire; to deliver or bail a thing for a certain revrard or compen­sation. Bract foL 62.

LOOARIUM
735
LOCUS

LOCARIUM. In old European law. The price of letting; money paid for the hire of a thing; rent Spelman.
LOCATAIRE. In French law. A les­see, tenant, or renter.
LOCATARIUS. Lat A depositee.
LOCATE. To ascertain and fix the posi­tion of something, the place of which was be­fore uncertain or not manifest; as to locate the calls in a deed.
To decide upon the place or direction to be occupied by something not yet in being; as to locate a road.
LOCATIO. Lat. In the civil law. Let­ting for hire. The term is also used by text-writers upon the law of bailment at' common law. In Scotch law it is translated "loca­tion." Bell.
—Locatio-conductio. In the civil law. A compound word used to denote the contract of bailment for hire, expressing the action of both parties, viz., a letting by the one and a hiring by the other. 2 Kent, Oomm. 586, note; Story, Bailm. § 368; Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Baym. 913.—Iiocatio custodies. A letting to keep; a bailment or deposit of goods for hire. Story, Bailm. § 442.—Locatio operis. In the civil law. The contract of hiring work, ?. e., labor and services. It is a contract by which one of the parties gives a certain work to be per­formed by the other, who binds himself to do it for the price agreed between them, which he who gives the work to be done promises to pay to the other for doing it. Poth. Louage, no. 392; Zell v. Dunkle, 156 Pa. 353, 27 Atl. 3a —Locatio operis faciendi. A letting out of work to be done; a bailment of a thing for the purpose of having some work and labor on care and pains bestowed on it for a pecuniary recompense 2 Kent, Com. 586, 588; Story, Bailm. §§ 370, 421, 422.—Locatio operis mer-cium vehendarnm. A letting of work to be done in the carrying of goods; a contract of bailment by which goods are delivered to a per­son to carry for hire. 2 Kent, Comm. 597; Story, Bailm. §§ 370, 457.—Locatio rei. A letting of a thing to hire. 2 Kent, Comm. 586. The bailment or letting of a thing to be used by the bailee for a compensation to be paid by him. Story, Bailm. § 370.
LOCATION. In American land law.
The designation of the boundaries of a par­ticular piece of land, either upon record or on the land itself. Mosby v. Carland, 1 Bibb. (Ky.) 84.
The finding and marking out the bounds of a particular tract of land, upon the land it­self, in conformity to a certain description contained in an entry, grant, map, etc.; such description consisting in what are termed "locative calls." Cunningham v. Browning, 1 Bland (Md.) 329.
In mining law. The act of appropriating a "mining claim" (parcel of land containing precious metal in its soil or rock) according to certain established rules. It usually con­sists in placing on the ground, in a con­spicuous position, a notice setting forth the name of the locator, the fact that it is thus
taken or located, with the requisite descrip­tion of the extent and boundaries of the parcel. St. Louis Smelting, etc., Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 649, 26 L. Ed. 875.
In a secondary sense, the mining claim covered by a single act of appropriation or location. Id.
In Scotch law. A contract by which the temporary use of a subject, or the work or service of a person, is given for an ascertain­ed hire. 1 Bell, Comm. 255.
LOCATIVE CALLS. In a deed, patent, or other instrument containing a description of land, locative calls are specific calls, de­scriptions, or marks of location, referring to landmarks, physical oDjects, or other points by which the land can be exactlv located and identified.
LOCATOR. In the civil and Scotch law. A letter; one who lets; he who, being the owner of a thing, lets it out to another for hire or compensation. Coggs v. Bernard, 2 Ld. Raym. 913.
In American land law. One who locates land, or intends or is entitled to locate. See Location.
LOCK-UP HOUSE. A place used tem­porarily as a prison.
LOCKMAN. An officer in the Isle of Man, to execute the orders of the governor, much like our under-sheriff. Wharton.
LOGMAN. Fr. In French marine law. A local pilot whose business was to assist the pilot of the vessel in guiding her course into a harbor, or through a river or channel. Martin v. Farnsworth, 33 N. Y. Super. Ct 260.
LOCO PARENTIS. See Is Loco Pa­rentis.
LOCOCESSION. The act of giving place.
LOCULUS. In old records. A coffin; jl purse.
LOCUM TENENS. Lat Holding the place. A deputy, substitute, lieutenant, or representative.
LOCUPLES. Lat In the civil law. Able to respond in an action; good for the amount which the plaintiff might recover. Dig. 60, 16, 234, L
LOCUS. Lat A place; the place where a thing is done.
—Locus contractus. The place of a contract; the place where a contract is made —Locus criminis. The locality of a crime; the place where a crime was committed.—Locus delic­ti. The place of the offense; the place where an offense was committed. 2 Kent, Comm.

LOCUS
736
LOGOGRAPHUS

109.—Locus in quo. The place in which. The place in which the cause of action arose, or where anything is alleged, in pleadings, to have been done. The phrase is most frequent­ly used in actions of trespass quare clausum (regit.—Locus partitus. In old English law. A place divided. A division made between two towns or counties to make out in which the land or place in question lies. Fleta, lib. 4, c. 15, § 1; Co well.—Locus posnitentise. A place for repentance; an opportunity for chang­ing one's mind; a chance to withdraw from a contemplated bargain or contract before it re­sults in a definite contractual liability. Also used of a chance afforded to a person, by the circumstances, of relinquishing the intention which he has formed to commit a crime, before the perpetration thereof.—Locus publicus. In the civil law. A public place. Dig. 43, 8, 1; Id. 43, 8, 2, 3.—Locus regit actum. In pri­vate international law. The rule that, when a legal transaction complies with the formalities required by the law" of the country where it is done, it is also valid in the country where it is to be given effect, although by the law of that country other formalities are required. 8 Sav. Syst. § 381; Westl. Priv. Int. Law. 159. —Locus rei sitae. The place where a thing is situated. In proceedings in rem, or the real actions of the civil law, the proper forum is the locus rei sites. The Jerusalem, 2 Gall. 191, 197, Fed. Cas. No. 7,293.—Locus sigilli. The place of the seal; the place occupied by the seal of written instruments. Usually abbrevi­ated to "D. S."—Locus standi. A place of standing; standing in court. A right of ap­pearance in a court of justice, or before a leg­islative body, on a given question.
Locus pro solutions reditus aut pecu­niae secundum conditionem dimissionis aut obligationis est stricte observandus.
4 Coke, 73. The place for the payment of rent or money, according to the condition of a lease or bond, is to be strictly observed.
LODE. This term, as used in the legis­lation of congress, is applicable to any zone or belt of mineralized rock lying within boundaries clearly separating it from the neighboring rock. It includes all deposits of mineral matter found through a mineral­ized zone or belt coming from the same source, impressed with the same forms, and appearing to have been created by the same processes. Eureka Consol. Min. Co. v. Rich­mond Min. Co., 4 Sawy. 312, 8 Fed. Cas. 823. And see Duggan v. Davey, 4 Dak. 110, 26 N. W. 887; Stevens v. Williams, 23 Fed. Cas. 42; Montana Cent. Ry. Co. v. Migeon (C. C.) 68 Fed. 813; Meydenbauer v. Stevens (D. C.) 78 Fed. 790; Iron Silver Mm. Co. v. Cheeseman, 116 U. S, 529, 6 Sup. Ct. 481, 29 L. Ed. 712; U. S. V. Iron Silver Min. Co., 128 U. S. 673, 9 Sup. Ct 195, 32 L. Ed. 571.
LODEMAN, or LOADS MAN. The pilot conducts the ship up the river or Into port; but the loadsman is he that undertakes to bring a ship through the haven, after being brought thither by the pilot, to the quay or place of discharge. Jacob.
LODEMANAGE. The hire of a pilot for conducting a vessel from one place to an­other. CowelL
LODGER. One who occupies hired apart­ments in another's house; a tenant of part of another's house.
A tenant, with the right of exclusive pos­session of a part of a house, the landlord, by himself or an agent, retaining general domin­ion over the house itself. Wansey v. Per­kins, 7 Man. & G. 155; Pullman Palace Car Co. v. Lowe, 28 Neb. 239, 44 N. W. 226, 6 L. R. A. 809, 26 Am. St. Rep. 325; Metzger v. Schnabel, 23 Misc. Rep. 698, 52 N. Y. Supp. 105; Pollock v. Landis, 36 Iowa, 652.
LODGINGS. Habitation in another's house; apartments in another's house, fur­nished or unfurnished, occupied for habita­tion; the occupier being termed a "lodger."
LODS ET VENTES. In old French and Canadian law. A fine payable by a roturter on every change of ownership of his land; a mutation or alienation fine. Steph. Lect 351.
LOG-BOOK. A ship's journal. It con­tains a minute account of the ship's course, with a short history of every occurrence dur­ing the voyage. 1 Marsh. Ins. 312.
The part of the log-book relating to trans­actions in the harbor is termed the "harbor log;" that relating to what happens at sea, the "sea log." Young, Naut Diet
—Official log-book. A log-book in a certain form, and containing certain specified entries re­quired by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, §§ 280-282, to be kept by all British merchant ships, except those exclusively engaged in the coasting trade.
LOG-ROLLING. A mischievous legisla­tive practice, of embracing in one bill several distinct matters, none of which, perhaps, could singly obtain the assent of the legis­lature, and then procuring its passage by a combination of the minorities in favor of each of the measures into a majority that will adopt them all. Walker v. Griflith, 60 Ala. 369; Com. v. Barnet, 199 Pa. 161, 48 Atl. 976, 55 L. R. A. 882; O'Leary v. Cook County, 28 111. 534; St Louis v. Tiefel, 42 Mo. 590.
LOGATING. An unlawful game mention­ed in St 33 Hen. VIII. c. 9.
LOGIA. A small house, lodge, or cot­tage. Mon, Angl. torn. 1, p. 400.
LOGIC. The science of reasoning, or of the operations of the understanding which are subservient to the estimation of evidence. The term includes both the process itself of proceeding from known truths to unknown, and all other intellectual operations, in so far as auxiliary to this.
LOGIUM. In old records. A lodge, hov­el, or outhouse.
LOGOGRAPHUS. In Roman law. A public clerk, register, or book-keeper; on«

LOGS
737
LORD

who wrote or kept books of accounts. Dig. 50, 4, 18, 10; Cod. 10, 69.
LOGS. Stems or trunks of trees cut into convenient lengths for the purpose of being afterwards manufactured into lumber of va­rious kinds; not including manufactured lumber of any sort, nor timber which is squared or otherwise shaped for use without further change in form. Kolloch v. Pareher, 52 Wis. 393, 9 N. W. 67. And see Haynes v. Hayward, 40 Me. 148; State v. Addington, 121 N. C 538, 27 S. E. 988; Code W. Va. 1899, p. 1071, § 27 (Code 1906, § 2524).
LOLLARDS. A body of primitive Wes-leyans, who assumed importance about the time of John Wycliffe, (1360,) and were very successful in disseminating evangelical truth; but, being implicated (apparently against their will) in the insurrection of the villeins in 1381, the statute Be Hceretico Comburen-do (2 Hen. IV. c. 15) was passed against them, for their suppression. However, they were not suppressed, and their representa­tives survive to the present day under vari­ous names and disguises. Brown.
LOMBARDS. A name given to the mer­chants of Italy, numbers of whom, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, were established as merchants and bankers in the principal cities of Europe.
LOXDRES. L. Fr. London. Yearb. P. 1 Edw. II. p. 4.
LONG. In various compound legal terms (see infra) this word carries a meaning not essentially different from its signification in the vernacular.
In the language of the stock exchange, a broker or speculator is said to be "long" on stock, or as to a particular security, when he has in his possession or control an abun­dant supply of it, or a supply exceeding the amount which he has contracted to deliver, or, more particularly, when he has bought a supply of such stock or other security for future delivery, speculating on a consider­able future advance in the market price. See Kent v. Miltenberger, 13 Mo. App. 506.
—Long account. An account involving num­erous separate items or Charges, on one side or both, or the statement of various complex trans­actions, such as a court of equity will refer to a master or commissioner or a court of law to a referee under the codes of procedure. See Dick­inson v. Mitchell, 19 Abb. Prac. (N. Y.) 286; Druse v. Horter, 57 Wis. 644, 16 N. W. 14; Doyle v. Metropolitan EI. R. Co., 1 Misc. Rep. 376, 20 N. Y. Supp. 865.—Long parliament. The name usually given to the parliament which met in November, 1640, under Charles I., and was dissolved by Cromwell on the 10th of April, 1653. The name "Long Parliament" is, how­ever, also given to the parliament which met in 1661, after the restoration of the monarchy, and was dissolved on the 30th of December, 1678. This latter parliament is sometimes call­ed, by way of distinction, the "long parliament
Bl.Law Dict.(2d Ed.)—47
of Charles II." Mozley & Whitley.—Long qninto, the. An expression used to denote part second of the year-book which gives reports of cases in 5 Edw. IV.—Long robe. A meta­phorical expression designating the practice or profession of the law: as, in the phrase "gentle­men of the long robe."—Long ton. A measure of weight equivalent to 20 hundred-weight of 112 pounds «ach, or 2,240 pounds, as distin-
fuished from the "short" ton of 2,000 pounds. ee Rev. St. U. S. § 2951 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1941). But see Jones v. Giles, 10 Exch. 119, as to an English custom of reckoning a ton or iron "long weight" as 2,400 pounds.—Long va­cation. The recess of the English courts from August 10th to October 24th.
Longa possessio est pacis jus. Long possession is the law of peace. Branch, Prlnc.; Co. Litt 6.
Longa possessio jus parit. Long pos­session begets right. Fleta, lib. 3, c. 15, § 6.
Longa possessio parit jus possidendi, et tollit actionem vero domino. Long possession produces the right of possession, and takes away from the true owner his ac­tion. Co. Litt. 1105.
Long-am tempus et longus usus qui excedit ntemoria hominum sufficit pro jure. Co. Litt. 115a. Long time and long use, exceeding the memory of men, suffices for right
LOOKOUT. A proper lookout on a ves­sel is some one in a favorable position to see, stationed near enough to the helmsman to communicate with him, and to receive communications from him, and exclusively employed in watching the movements of ves­sels which they are meeting or about to pass. The Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 12 How. 462, 13 L. Ed. 1058.
LOPWOOD. A right in the inhabitants of a parish within a manor, in England, to lop for fuel, at certain periods of the year, the branches of trees growing upon the waste lands of the manor. Sweet.
LOQUELA. Lat. A colloquy; talk. In old English law, this term denoted the oral: altercations of the parties to a suit, which led to the issue, now called the "pleadings." It also designated an "imparlance," (q. v.,) both names evidently referring to the talk­ing together of the parties. Loguela sine die, a postponement to an indefinite time.
Loquendum ut vulgus; sentiendum ut docti. We must speak as the common peo­ple; we must think as the learned. 7 Coke, 116. This maxim expresses the rule that, when words are used in a technical sense, they must be understood technically; other­wise, when they may be supposed to be used in their ordinary acceptation.
LORD. In English law. A title of honor or nobility belonging properly to the degree of baron, but applied also to the

LORD 7
whole peerage, as In the expression "the house of lords." 1 Bl. Comm. 396-400.
A title of office, as lord mayor, lord com­missioner, etc.
In feudal law. A feudal superior or pro­prietor ; one of whom a fee or estate Is held.
—Law lords. See Law.—Lord advocate.
The chief public prosecutor of Scotland. 2 Alis. Grim. Pr. 84.—Lord and -vassal. In the feu­dal system, the grantor, who retained the do­minion or ultimate property, was called the "lord," and the grantee, who had only the use or possession, was called the "vassal" or "feu­datory."—Lord chief baron. The chief judge of the English court of exchequer, prior to the judicature acts.—Lord chief justice. See Justice.—Lord high, chancellor. See Chancellor.—Lord high steward. In Eng­land, when a person is impeached, or when a peer is tried on indictment for treason or felony before the house of lords, one of the lords is ap­pointed lord high steward, and acts as speaker pro tempore. Sweet.—Lord high treasurer. An officer formerly existing in England, who had the charge of the royal revenues and cus­toms duties, and of leasing the crown lands. His functions are now vested in the lords com­missioners of the treasury. Mozley & Whitley. —Lord in gross. In feudal law. He who is lord, not by reason of any manor, but as the king in respect of his crown, etc. "Very lord" is he who is immediate lord to his tenant; and "very tenant," he who holds immediately of that lord. So that, where there is lord paramount, lord mesne, and tenant, the lord paramount is not very lord to the tenant. Wharton.—Lord justice clerk. The second judicial officer in Scotland.—Lord keeper, or keeper of the great seal, was originally another name for the lord chancellor. After Henry II.'s reign they were sometimes divided, but now there cannot be a lord chancellor and lord keeper at the same time, for by St. 5 Eliz. c. 18, they are declared to be the same office. Com. Dig. "Chancery," B. 1. —Lord lieutenant. In English law. The viceroy of the crown in Ireland. The principal military officer of a county, originally appointed for the purpose of mustering the inhabitants for the defense of the country.—Lord mayor. The chief officer of the corporation of the city of London is so called. The origin of the appella­tion of "lord," which the mayor of London en­joys, is attributed to the fourth charter of Ed­ward III., which conferred on that officer the honor of having maces, the same as royal, car­ried before him by the Serjeants. Pull. Laws & Cust. Lond.—Lord mayor's court. In Eng­lish law. This is a court of record, of law and equity, and is the chief court of justice within the corporation of London. Theoretically the lord mayor and aldermen are supposed to pre­side, but the recorder is in fact the acting judge. It has jurisdiction of all personal and mixed actions arising within the city and liberties without regard to the amount in controversy. See 3 Steph. Comm. 449, note I.—Lord of a manor. The grantee or owner of a manor.— Lord ordinary is the judge of the court of session in Scotland, who officiates for the time being as the judge of first instance. Darl. Pr. Ct. Sess.—Lord paramount. A term applied to the King of England as the chief feudal pro­prietor, the theory of the feudal system being that all lands in the realm were held mediately or immediately from him. See De Peyster v. Michael, 6 N. Y. 495, 57 Am. Dec. 470; Opin­ion of Justices, 66 N. H. 629, 33 Atl. 1076.— Lord privy seal, before the 30 Hen. VIII., was generally an ecclesiastic. The office has since been usually conferred on temporal peers above the degree of barons. He is appointed by letters patent. The lord privy seal, receiving a
3 LORDSHD?
warrant from the signet office, issues the privy seal, which is an authority to the lord chancel­lor to pass the great seal where the nature .of the grant requires it. But the privy seals for money begin in the treasury, whence the first warrant issues, countersigned by the lord treas­urer. The lord privy seal is a member of the cabinet council. Enc. Lond.—Lord warden of Cinque Ports. See Cinque Posts.—Lords appellants. Five peers who for a time super­seded Richard II. in his government, and whom, after a brief control of the government, he in turn superseded in 1397, and put the survivors of them to death. Richard II.'s eighteen com­missioners (twelve peers and six commoners) took their place, as an embryo privy council acting with full powers, during the parliament­ary recess. Brown —Lords commissioners. In English law. When a high public office in the state, formerly executed by an individual, is put into commission, the persons charged with the commission are called "lords commission­ers," or sometimes "lords" or "commissioners" simply. Thus, we have, in lieu of the lord treas­urer and lord high admiral of former times, the lords commissioners of the treasury, and the lords commissioners of the admiralty; and, whenever the great seal is put into commission, the persons charged with it are called "com­missioners" or "lords commissioners" of the great seal. Mozley & Whitley.—Lord's day. A name sometimes given to Sunday. Co. Litt. 135.—Lords justices of appeal. In English law. The title of the ordinary judges of the court of appeal, by Jud. Act 1877, § 4. Prior to the judicature acts, there were two "lords justices of appeal in chancery," to whom an ap­peal lay from a vice-chancellor, by 14 & 15 Vict c. 83.—Lords marchers. Those noblemen who lived on the marches of Wales or Scotland, who in times past had their laws and power of life and death, like petty kings. Abolished by 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, and 6 Edw. VI. c. 10. Whar­ton.—Lords of appeal. Those members of the house of lords of whom at least three must be present for the hearing and determination of appeals. They are the lord chancellor, the lords of appeal in ordinary, and such peers of parlia­ment as hold, or have held, high judicial offices, such as ex-chancellors and judges of the superior courts in Great Britain and Ireland. App. Jur. Act 1876, §§ 5, 25.—Lords of appeal in or­dinary. These are appointed, with a salary of £6,000 a year, to aid the house of lords in the hearing of appeals. They rank as barons for life, but sit and vote in the house of lords during the tenure of their office only. App. Jur. Act 1876, § 6.—Lords of erection. On the Reformation in Scotland, the king, as proprietor of benefices formerly held by abbots and priors, gave them out in temporal lordships to favor­ites, who were termed "lords of erection." Wharton.—Lords of parliament. Those who have seats in the house of lords. During bank­ruptcy, peers are disqualified from sitting or voting in the house of lords. 34 & 35 Vict. c. 50.—Lords of regality. In Scotch law. Per­sons to whom rights of civil and criminal juris­diction were given by the crown.—Lords or-dainers. Lords appointed in 1312, in the reign of Edward II., for the control of the sovereign and the court party, and for the general reform and better government of the country. Brown. —Lords spiritual. The archbishops and btan-ops who have seats in the house of lords.— Lords temporal. Those lay peers who have seats in the house of lords.
LORDSHIP. In English law. Domin­ion, manor, seigniory, domain; also a title of honor used to a nobleman not being a duke. It is also the customary titulary ap­pellation of the judges and some other per­sons in authority and office.

LOSS
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LOSS. In insurance. The injury or damage sustained by the insured in conse­quence of the happening of one or more of the accidents or misfortunes against which the insurer, in consideration of the premium, has undertaken to indemnify the insured. 1 Bouv. Inst no. 1215.
—Actual loss. One resulting from the real and substantial destruction of the property insured.—Constructive loss. One resulting from such injuries to the property, without its destruction, as render it valueless to the as­sured or prevent its restoration to the original condition except at a cost exceeding its value. —Direct loss by fire is one resulting imme­diately and proximately from the fire, and not remotely from some of the consequences or ef­fects of the fire. Insurance Co. v. Leader, 121 Ga. 260, 48 S. E. 974; Ermentrout v. Insur­ance Co., 63 Minn. 305, 65 N. W. 635, 30 L. R. A. 346, 56 Am. St. Rep. 481; California Ins. Co. v. Union Compress Co., 133 U. S. 387, 10 Sup. Ct. 365, 33 L. Ed. 730.—Loss of con­sortium. See Consortium.—Partial loss. A Joss of a part of a thing or of its value, or any damage not amounting {actually or con­structively) to its entire destruction; as con­trasted with total loss. Partial loss is one in which the damage done to the thing insured is not so complete as to amount to a total loss, either actual or constructive. In every such case the underwriter is liable to pay such proportion of the sum which would be payable on total loss as the damage sustained by the subject of insurance bears to the whole value at the time of insurance. 2 Steph. Comm. 132, 133; Crump. Ins. § 331; Mozley & Whitley. Partial loss implies a damage sustained by the Ship or cargo, which falls upon the respective owners of the property so damaged; and, when happening from any peril insured against by the policy, the owners are to be indemnified by the underwriters, unless in cases excepted by the express terms of the policy. Padelford v. Boardman, 4 Mass. 548; Globe Ins. Co. v. Sherlock, 25 Ohio St. 65; Willard v. Insurance Co., 30 Mo. 35.—Salvage loss. In the lan­guage of marine underwriters, this term means the difference between the amount of salvage, after deducting the charges, and the original value of the property insured. Devitt v. Insur­ance Co., 61 App. Div. 390, 70 N. Y. Supp. 662; Koons v. La Fonciere Compagnie (D. C.) 71 Fed. 981.—Total loss. See that title.
LOST. An article is "lost" when the own­er has lost the possession or custody of it, in­voluntarily and by any means, but more par­ticularly by accident or his own negligence or forgetfulness, and when he is ignorant of its whereabouts or cannot recover it by an ordinarily diligent search. See State Sav. Bank v. Buhl, 129 Mich. 193, 88 N. W. 471, 56 L. R. A. 944; Belote v. State, 36 Miss. 120, 72 Am. Dec. 163; Hoagland v. Amuse­ment Co., 170 Mo. 335, 70 S. W. 878, 94 Am. St. Rep. 740.
As applied to ships and vessels, the term means "lost at sea," and a vessel lost is one that has totally gone from the owners against their will, so that they know noth­ing of it, whether it still exists or not, or one which they know is no longer within their use and control, either in consequence of capture by enemies or pirates, or an un-Known foundering, or sinking by a known storm, or collision, or destruction by ship-
wreck. Bennett v. Garlock, 10 Hun (N. T.) 338; Collard v. Eddy, 17 Mo. 355; Insurance Co. v. Gossler, 7 Fed. Cas. v406.
—Lost or not lost. A phrase sometimes in­serted in policies of marine insurance to sig­nify that the contract is meant to relate back to the beginning of a voyage now in progress, or to some other antecedent time, and to be val­id and effectual even if, at the moment of ex­ecuting the policy, the vessel should have al­ready perished by some of the perils insured against, provided that neither party has knowl­edge of that fact or any advantage over the other in the way of superior means of infor­mation. See Hooper v. Robinson, 98 U. S. 537, 25 L. Ed. 219; Insurance Co. v. Fol-som, 18 Wall. 251, 21 L. Ed. 827.—Lost pa­pers. Papers which have been so mislaid that they cannot be found after diligent search.— Lost property. Property which the owner has involuntarily parted with and does not know where to find or recover it, not including property which he has intentionally concealed or deposited in a secret place for safe-keeping. See Sovern v. Yoran, 16 Or. 269, 20 Pac. 100, 8 Am. St. Rep 293; Pritchett v. State, 2 Sneed (Tenn) 288, 62 Am. Dec. 468; State v. Cummings, 33 Conn. 260, 89 Am. Dec. 208; Loucks v. Gallogly, 1 Misc. Rep. 22, 23 N. Y. Supp. 126; Danielson v. Roberts, 44 Or. 108, 74 Pac. 913, 65 L. R. A. 526, 102 Am. St. Rep 627.
LOT. The arbitrament of chance; haz­ard. That which fortuitously determines what course shall be taken or what disposi­tion be made of property or rights.
A share; one of several parcels into which property is divided. Used particularly of land.
The thirteenth dish of lead in the mines of Derbyshire, which belong to the crown.
LOT AND SCOT. In English law. Cer­tain duties which must be paid by those who claim to exercise the elective franchise within certain cities and boroughs, before they are entitled to vote. It is said that the practice became uniform to refer to the poor-rate as a register of "scot and lot" voters; so that the term, when employed to define a right of election, meant only the payment by a parishioner of the sum to which he was as­sessed on the poor-rate. Brown.
LOT OF LAND. A small tract or par­cel of land in a village, town, or city, suitable for building, or for a garden, or other similar uses. See Pilz v. Killingsworth, 20 Or. 432, 26 Pac. 305; Wilson v. Proctor, 28 Minn. 13, 8 N. W. 830; Webster v. Little Rock, 44 Ark. 551; Diamond Mach. Co. v. Ontonagon, 72 Mich. 261, 40 N. W. 448; Fitzgerald y. Thomas, 61 Mo. 500; Phillipsburgh v. Bruch, 37 N. J. Eq. 486.
LOTHERWITE, or LEYERWIT. In
old English law. A liberty or privilege to take amends for lying with a bondwoman without license.
LOTTERY. A lottery is any scheme for the disposal or distribution of property by chance among persons who have paid, or

LOU LE LEY DONE CHOSE 740
LUCRATIVE

promised or agreed to pay, any valuable con­sideration for the chance of obtaining such property, or a portion of it, or for any share of or interest in such property, upon any agreement, understanding, or expectation that it is to be distributed or disposed of by lot or chance, whether called a "lottery," a "raffle," or a "gift enterprise," or by what­ever name the same may be known. Pen. Code Cal. § 319; Pen. Code Dak. § 373. See, also, Dunn v. People, 40 111. 467; Cha-vannah v. State, 49 Ala. 397; Stearnes v. State, 21 Tex. 692; State v. Lovell, 39 N. J. Law, 461; State v. Mumford, 73 Mo. 650, 39 Am. Rep. 532; U. S. v. Politzer (D. C.) 59 Fed. 274; Fleming v. Bills, 3 Or. 289; Com. v. Manderfleld, 8 Phila. (Pa.) 459.
Lou le ley done chose, la ceo done remedie a vener a ceo. 2 Rolle, 17. Where the law gives a right, it gives a remedy to recover.
LOUAGE. Fr. This is the contract of hiring and letting in French law, and may be either of things or of labor. The varieties of each are the following:
1.Letting of things,—bail a loyer being the letting of houses; bail a ferme being the letting of lands.
2.Letting of labor,—loyer being the let­ting of personal service; bail a cheptel being the letting of animals. Bbown.
LOURCURDUS. A ram or bell-wether. Cowell.
LOVE-DAY. In old English law. The day on which any dispute was amicably set­tled between neighbors; or a day on which one neighbor helps another without hire. Wharton.
LOW JUSTICE. In old European law, jurisdiction of petty offenses, as distinguish­ed from "high justice," (q. v.)
LOW WATER. The furthest receding point of ebb-tide. Howard v. IngersoII, 13 How. 417, 14 L Ed. 189. —Low-water mark. See Watee-Mabk.
LOWBOTE. A recompense for the death of a man killed in a tumult. Cowell.
LOWERS. Fr. In French maritime law. Wages. Ord. Mar. liv. 1, tit. 14, art. 16.
LOYAL. Legal; authorized by or con­forming to law. Also faithful in one's polit­ical relations; giving faithful support to one's prince or sovereign or to the existing government
LOYALTY. Adhereuce to law. Faith­fulness to one's prince or sovereign or to the existing government.
Lubricum linguae non facile trahen-dnm est in poenam. Cro. Car. 117. A slip of the tongue ought not lightly to be sub­jected to punishment-
LUCID INTERVALS. In medical ju­risprudence. Intervals occurring in the men­tal life of an insane person during which he is completely restored to the use of his reason, or so far restored that he has suffi­cient intelligence, judgment, and will to enter into contractual relations, or perform other legal acts, without disqualification by reason of his disease. See Insanity.
LUCRA NUPTIALIA. Lat In Roman law. A term including everything which a husband or wife, as such, acquires from the estate of the other, either before the mar­riage, or on agreeing to it, or during its continuance, or after its dissolution, and whether the acquisition is by pure gift, or by virtue of the marriage contract, or against the will of the other party by law or statute. See Mackeld. Rom. Law, § 5S0.
LUCRATIVA CAUSA. Lat. In Roman law. A consideration which is voluntary; that is to say, a gratuitous gift, or such like. It was opposed to onerosa causa, which de­noted a valuable consideration. It was a principle of the Roman law that two lucra­tive causes could not concur in the same per­son as regarded the same thing; that is to say, that, when the same thing was bequeath­ed to a person by two different testators, he could not have the thing (or its value) twice over. Brown.
LUCRATIVA USUCAPIO. Lat. This species of usucapio was permitted in Roman law only in the case of persons taking pos­session of property upon the decease of its late owner, and in exclusion or deforcement of the heir, whence it was called "usucapio pro hwrede." The adjective "lucrativa" de­noted that property was acquired by this usucapio without any consideration or pay­ment for it by way of purchase; and, as the possessor who so acquired the property was a maid fide possessor, his acquisition, or usu­capio, was called also "improba," (t. e., dis­honest;) but this dishonesty was tolerated (until abolished by Hadrian) as an incentive to force the hwres to take possession, in or­der that the debts might be paid and the sacrifices performed; and, as a further in­centive to the hceres, this usucapio was com­plete in one year. Brown.
LUCRATIVE. Yielding gain or profit; profitable; bearing or yielding a revenue or salary.
—Lucrative bailment. See Bailment.—Lu­crative office. One which yields a revenue (in the form of fees or otherwise) or a fixed salary to the incumbent; according to some au­thorities, one which yields a compensation sup­posed to be adequate to the services rendered

LUCRATIVE
741
LUSHBOROW

and in excess of the expenses incidental to the office. See State v. Kirk, 44 Ind. 405, 15 Am. Rep. 239; Dailey v. State, 8 Blackf. (Ind.) 330; Crawford v. Dunbar, 52 Cal. 39; State v. De Gress, 53 Tex. 400.—Lucrative succession. In Scotch law. A kind of passive title by which a person accepting from another, without any onerous cause, (or without paying value,) a disposition of any part of his heritage, to which the receiver would have succeeded as heir, is liable to all the grantor's debts con­tracted before the said disposition. 1 Forb. Inst. pt. 3, p. 102.
LUCRATUS. In Scotch law. A gainer.
LUCRE. Gain in money or goods; profit; usually in an ill sense, or with the sense of something base or unworthy. Webster.
LUCRI CAUSA. Lat. In criminal law. A term descriptive of the intent with which property is taken in cases of larceny, the phrase meaning "for the sake of lucre" or gain. State v. Ryan, 12 Nev. 403, 28 Am. Rep. 802; State v. Slingerland, 19 Nev. 135, 7 Pac. 280.
LUCRUM CESSANS. Lat. In Scotch law. A ceasing gain, as distinguished from damnum datum, an actual loss.
Lucrum, facere ex pupilli tutela tutor non debet. A guardian ought not to make money out of the guardianship of his ward. Manning v. Manning's Ex'rs, 1 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 527, 535.
LUCTUOSA HL3EREDITAS. A mourn­ful inheritance. See H^ebeditas Luctuosa.
LUCTUS. In Roman law. Mourning.
See Annus Luctus.
LUGGAGE. Luggage may consist of any articles intended for the use of a passenger while traveling, or for his personal equip­ment. Civ. Code Cal. § 2181.
This term is synonymous with "baggage," but is more commonly used in England than in America. See Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Shepherd, 8 Exch. 37; Duffy v. Thompson, 4 E. D. Smith (N. Y.) 180; Choctaw, etc., R. Co. v. Zwirtz, 13 Okl. 411, 73 Pac. 941.
LUMEN. Lat. In the civil law. Light; the light of the sun or sky; the privilege of receiving light into a house.
A light or window.
LUMINA. Lat In the civil law. Lights; windows; openings to obtain light for one's building.
LUMINARE. A lamp or candle set burn­ing on the altar of any church or chapel, for the maintenance whereof lands and rent-charges were frequently given to parish churches, etc. Kennett, Gloss.
LUMPING SALEu As applied to judicial sales, this term means a sale in mass, as
where several distinct parcels of real estate, or several articles of personal property, are sold together for a "lump" or single gross sum. Anniston Pipeworks v. Williams, 106 Ala. 324, 18 South. Ill, 54 Am. St. Rep. 51.
LUNACY. Lunacy is that condition or habit in which the mind is directed by the will, but is wholly or partially misguided or erroneously governed by it; or it is the im­pairment of any one or more of the faculties of the mind, accompanied with or inducing a defect in the comparing faculty. Owings' Case, 1 Bland (Md.) 386, 17 Am. Dec. 311. See Insanity.
—Inquisition (or inquest) of lunacy. A
quasi-judicial examination into the sanity or in­sanity of a given person, ordered by a court having jurisdiction, on a proper application and sufficient preliminary showing of facts, held by the sheriff (or marshal, or a magistrate, or the court itself, according to the local practice) with the assistance of a special jury, usually of six men, who are to hear evidence and render a ver­dict in accordance with the facts. This is the usual foundation for an order appointing a guardian or conservator for a person adjudged to be insane, or for committing him to an insane asylum See Hughes v. Jones, 116 N. Y. 67, 22 N. E. 446, 5 L. R. A. 637, 15 Am. St. Rep. 386; Hadaway v. Smith, 71 Md. 319, 18 Atl. 589; Mills' Ann. St. Colo. § 2935.—Lunacy, commission of. A commission issuing from a court of competent jurisdiction, authorizing an inquiry to be made into the mental condition of a person who is alleged to be a lunatic.
LUNAR. Belonging to or measured by the revolutions of the moon. —Lunar month. See Month.
LUNATIC. A person of deranged or un­sound mind; a person whose mental faculties are in the condition called "lunacy," (q. v.)
Lunaticus, qui gaudet in lucidis in-tervallis. He is a lunatic who enjoys lucid intervals. 1 Story, Cont. § 73.
LUNDRESS. In old Englisff law. A sil­ver penny, so called because it was to be coin­ed only at t London, (a Londres,) and not at the country mints. Lown. Essay Coins, 17; Cowell.
LUPANATRIX. A bawd or strumpet 3 Inst. 206.
LUPINUM CAPUT GERERE. Lat. To be outlawed, and have one's head exposed, like a wolf's, with a reward to him who should take it. Cowell.
LURGULARY. Casting any corrupt or poisonous thing into the water. Wharton.
LUSHBOROW. In old English law. A base sort of money, coined beyond sea in the likeness of English coin, and introduced into England in the reign of Edward III. Pro­hibited by St. 25 Edw. III. c. 4. Spelman; Cowell.

LUXURY
742
LYT^E

LUXURY. Excess and extravagance which was formerly an offense against the public economy, but is not now punishable. Wharton.
LYCH-GATE. The gate into a church­yard, with a roof or awning hung on posts over it to cover the body brought for' burial, when it rests underneath. Wharton.
LYEF-GELD. Sax. In old records. Lief silver or money; a small fine paid by the customary tenant to the lord for leave to plow or sow, etc. Somn. Gavelkind, 27.
LYING BY. A person who, by his pres­ence and silence at a transaction which af­fects his interests, may be fairly supposed to acquiesce in it, if he afterwards propose to disturb the arrangement, is said to be pre­vented from doing so by reason that he has been lying by.
LYING IN FRANCHISE. A term de­scriptive of waifs, wrecks, estrays, and the like, which may be seized without suit or ac­tion.
LYING IN GRANT. A phrase applied to incorporeal rights, incapable of manual tra­dition, and which must pass by mere deliv­ery of a deed.
LYING IN "WAIT. Lying in ambush; lying hid or concealed for the purpose of making a sudden and unexpected attack upon a person when he shall arrive at the scene. In some jurisdictions, where there are sev­eral degrees of murder, lying in wait is made evidence of that deliberation and premeditat-
ed intent which is necessary to characterize murder in the first degree.
This term is not synonymous with "con­cealed." If a person conceals himself for the purpose of shooting another unawares, he is lying in wait; but a person may, while con­cealed, shoot another without committing the crime of murder. People v. Miles. 55 CaL 207.
LYNCH LAW. A term descriptive of the action of unofficial persons, organized bands, or mobs, who seize persons charged with or suspected of crimes, or take them out of the custody of the law, and inflict sum­mary punishment upon them, without legal trial, and without the warrant or authority of law. See State v. Aler, 39 W. Va. 549, 20 S. E. 585; Bates' Ann. St. Ohio, 1904, § 4426.
LYNDHURST'S (LORD) ACT. This statute <5 & 6 Wm. IV. c. 54) renders mar­riages within the prohibited degrees abso­lutely null and void. Theretofore such mar­riages were voidable merely.
LYON KING OF ARMS. In Scotch law. The ancient duty of this officer was to car­ry public messages to foreign states, and it is still the practice of the heralds to make all royal proclamations at the Cross of Edin­burgh. The officers serving under him are heralds, pursuivants, and messengers. Bell.
LYT.ffi. In old Roman law. A name given to students of the civil law in the fourth year of their course, from their being supposed capable of solving any difficulty in law. Tayl. Civil Law, 39.